Mechanical Behavior of Materials : Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue

by Dowling, Norman E.

• ISBN13: 9780139057205
• ISBN10: 013905720X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

Praised by readers for its usefulness, this book covers the entire area of mechanical behavior of materials from a practical engineering viewpoint, providing a single-source introductory analysis with specific coverage on materials testing, yield criteria, stress-based fatigue, fracture mechanics, crack growth, strain-based fatigue, and creep. Explains test methods and the principles behind them, and explores engineering methods for predicting strength and life, with real-date worked examples. Completely updates discussions on fracture mechanics, stress-based fatigue, and creep, and adds three new appendices; one that reviews useful topics from elementary mechanics of materials, one that considers statistical variation in materials properties, and a third that aids in locating materials property information in the tables found in various chapters. Updated end-of-chapter references lead to sources of materials data and to more detailed information. For the mechanical engineer, materials engineer, aeronautical engineer, structural engineer, design engineer, or test engineer.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi	(6)
Acknowledgments	xvii
1 Introduction	1	(22)
1.1 Introduction	1	(1)
1.2 Types of Material Failure	2	(9)
1.3 Design and Materials Selection	11	(5)
1.4 Technological Challenge	16	(1)
1.5 Economic Importance of Fracture	16	(3)
1.6 Summary	19	(1)
References	20	(1)
Problems and Questions	21	(2)
2 Structure and Deformation in Materials	23	(25)
2.1 Introduction	23	(2)
2.2 Bonding in Solids	25	(4)
2.3 Structure in Crystalline Materials	29	(4)
2.4 Elastic Deformation and Theoretical Strength	33	(5)
2.5 Inelastic Deformation	38	(6)
2.6 Summary	44	(1)
References	45	(1)
Problems and Questions	46	(2)
3 A Survey of Engineering Materials	48	(54)
3.1 Introduction	48	(1)
3.2 Alloying and Processing of Metals	49	(6)
3.3 Irons and Steels	55	(8)
3.4 Nonferrous Metals	63	(4)
3.5 Polymers	67	(10)
3.6 Ceramics and Glasses	77	(7)
3.7 Composite Materials	84	(5)
3.8 Materials Selection for Engineering Components	89	(5)
3.9 Summary	94	(3)
References	97	(1)
Problems and Questions	98	(4)
4 Mechanical Testing: Tension Test and Other Basic Tests	102	(64)
4.1 Introduction	102	(6)
4.2 Introduction to Tension Test	108	(1)
4.3 Engineering Stress-Strain Properties	109	(10)
4.4 Trends in Tensile Behavior	119	(6)
4.5 True Stress-Strain Interpretation of Tension Test	125	(10)
4.6 Compression Test	135	(4)
4.7 Hardness Tests	139	(9)
4.8 Notch-Impact Tests	148	(4)
4.9 Bending and Torsion Tests	152	(3)
4.10 Summary	155	(2)
References	157	(1)
Problems and Questions	158	(8)
5 Stress-Strain Relationships and Behavior	166	(39)
5.1 Introduction	166	(1)
5.2 Models for Deformation Behavior	167	(10)
5.3 Elastic Deformation	177	(11)
5.4 Anisotropic Materials	188	(8)
5.5 Summary	196	(3)
References	199	(1)
Problems and Questions	199	(6)
6 Review of Complex and Principal States of Stress and Strain	205	(34)
6.1 Introduction	205	(1)
6.2 Plane Stress	206	(8)
6.3 Three-Dimensional States of Stress	214	(11)
6.4 Plane Stress Reconsidered as a Three-Dimensional Case	225	(3)
6.5 Stresses on the Octahedral Planes	228	(1)
6.6 Complex States of Strain	229	(4)
6.7 Summary	233	(2)
References	235	(1)
Problems and Questions	235	(4)
7 Yielding and Fracture under Combined Stresses	239	(47)
7.1 Introduction	239	(2)
7.2 General Form of Failure Criteria	241	(2)
7.3 Maximum Normal Stress Fracture Criterion	243	(2)
7.4 Maximum Shear Stress Yield Criterion	245	(6)
7.5 Octahedral Shear Stress Yield Criterion	251	(5)
7.6 Discussion and Comparison of the Basic Failure Criteria	256	(6)
7.7 Coulomb-Mohr Fracture Criterion	262	(6)
7.8 Modified Mohr Fracture Criterion	268	(5)
7.9 Additional Comments on Failure Criteria	273	(5)
7.10 Summary	278	(2)
References	280	(1)
Problems and Questions	281	(5)
8 Fracture of Cracked Members	286	(71)
8.1 Introduction	286	(2)
8.2 Preliminary Discussion	288	(7)
8.3 Mathematical Concepts	295	(5)
8.4 Application of K to Design and Analysis	300	(17)
8.5 Fracture Toughness Values and Trends	317	(10)
8.6 Plastic Zone Size, and Plasticity Limitations on LEFM	327	(8)
8.7 Discussion of Fracture Toughness Testing	335	(2)
8.8 Extensions of Fracture Mechanics Beyond Linear Elasticity	337	(7)
8.9 Summary	344	(3)
References	347	(2)
Problems and Questions	349	(8)
9 Fatigue of Materials: Introduction and Stress-Based Approach	357	(63)
9.1 Introduction	357	(1)
9.2 Definitions and Concepts	358	(10)
9.3 Sources of Cyclic Loading	368	(3)
9.4 Fatigue Testing	371	(4)
9.5 The Physical Nature of Fatigue Damage	375	(5)
9.6 Trends in S-N Curves	380	(8)
9.7 Mean Stresses	388	(8)
9.8 Multiaxial Stresses	396	(5)
9.9 Variable Amplitude Loading	401	(9)
9.10 Summary	410	(2)
References	412	(1)
Problems and Questions	413	(7)
10 Stress-Based Approach to Fatigue: Notched Members	420	(68)
10.1 Introduction	420	(1)
10.2 Notch Effects	421	(5)
10.3 Notch Sensitivity and Empirical Estimates of kf	426	(5)
10.4 Notch Effects at Intermediate and Short Lives	431	(3)
10.5 Combined Effects of Notches and Mean Stress	434	(7)
10.6 Estimating Long Life Fatigue Strengths (Fatigue Limits)	441	(3)
10.7 Estimating S-N Curves	444	(7)
10.8 Use of Component S-N Data	451	(10)
10.9 Designing to Avoid Fatigue Failure	461	(11)
10.10 Discussion	472	(2)
10.11 Summary	474	(2)
References	476	(1)
Problems and Questions	477	(11)
11 Fatigue Crack Growth	488	(71)
11.1 Introduction	488	(1)
11.2 Preliminary Discussion	489	(8)
11.3 Fatigue Crack Growth Rate Testing	497	(4)
11.4 Effects of R = S(min)/S(max) on Fatigue Crack Growth	501	(11)
11.5 Trends in Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior	512	(4)
11.6 Life Estimates for Constant Amplitude Loading	516	(11)
11.7 Life Estimates for Variable Amplitude Loading	527	(6)
11.8 Design Considerations	533	(2)
11.9 Plasticity Aspects and Limitations of LEFM for Fatigue Crack Growth	535	(7)
11.10 Environmental Crack Growth	542	(5)
11.11 Summary	547	(2)
References	549	(1)
Problems and Questions	550	(9)
12 Plastic Deformation Behavior and Models for Materials	559	(44)
12.1 Introduction	559	(3)
12.2 Stress-Strain Curves	562	(8)
12.3 Three-Dimensional Stress-Strain Relationships	570	(8)
12.4 Unloading and Cyclic Loading Behavior from Rheological Models	578	(7)
12.5 Cyclic Loading Behavior of Real Materials	585	(10)
12.6 Summary	595	(3)
References	598	(1)
Problems and Questions	598	(5)
13 Stress-Strain Analysis of Plastically Deforming Members	603	(46)
13.1 Introduction	603	(1)
13.2 Plasticity in Bending	604	(9)
13.3 Residual Stresses and Strains for Bending	613	(5)
13.4 Plasticity of Circular Shafts in Torsion	618	(4)
13.5 Notched Members	622	(11)
13.6 Cyclic Loading	633	(8)
13.7 Summary	641	(2)
References	643	(1)
Problems and Questions	644	(5)
14 Strain-Based Approach to Fatigue	649	(57)
14.1 Introduction	649	(2)
14.2 Strain Versus Life Curves	651	(11)
14.3 Mean Stress Effects	662	(7)
14.4 Multiaxial Stress Effects	669	(4)
14.5 Life Estimates for Structural Components	673	(13)
14.6 Discussion	686	(7)
14.7 Summary	693	(2)
References	695	(2)
Problems and Questions	697	(9)
15 Time-Dependent Behavior: Creep and Damping	706	(73)
15.1 Introduction	706	(2)
15.2 Creep Testing	708	(6)
15.3 Physical Mechanisms of Creep	714	(10)
15.4 Time-Temperature Parameters and Life Estimates	724	(10)
15.5 Creep Failure under Varying Stress	734	(1)
15.6 Stress-Strain-Time Relationships	735	(7)
15.7 Creep Deformation under Varying Stress	742	(7)
15.8 Creep under Multiaxial Stress	749	(3)
15.9 Component Stress-Strain Analysis	752	(5)
15.10 Energy Dissipation (Damping) in Materials	757	(9)
15.11 Summary	766	(3)
References	769	(1)
Problems and Questions	770	(9)
App. A Review of Selected Topics from Mechanics of Materials	779	(19)
A.1 Introduction	779	(1)
A.2 Basic Formulas for Stresses and Deflections	779	(1)
A.3 Properties of Areas	780	(3)
A.4 Shears, Moments, and Deflections in Beams	783	(2)
A.5 Stresses Due to Internal Pressure	785	(2)
A.6 Elastic Stress Concentration Factors for Notches	787	(1)
A.7 Fully Plastic Yielding Loads	787	(10)
References	797	(1)
App. B Statistical Variation in Materials Properties	798	(9)
B.1 Introduction	798	(1)
B.2 Mean and Standard Deviation	799	(1)
B.3 Normal or Gaussian Distribution	800	(3)
B.4 Typical Variation in Materials Properties	803	(1)
B.5 One-Sided Tolerance Limits	804	(2)
B.6 Discussion	806	(1)
References	806	(1)
Bibliography	807	(12)
Index	819