Media/Impact An Introduction to Mass Media

by Biagi, Shirley

• ISBN13: 9780495050261
• ISBN10: 0495050261
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-07-03
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Consistently praised for its engaging writing style, currency, and visual appeal, MEDIA/IMPACT introduces students to today's converged mass media–its industries and support industries, as well as the legal, ethical, social, global, and technological issues that accompany them. Emphasizing the impact of the media on individuals and society, Biagi grounds her discussion in the fact that the media are first and foremost in the business of making money, and provides concise histories of each industry before giving students an insider's look at what it's like to work in each industry. The new edition of this enduring bestseller offers several important new features, including a media literacy case study in each chapter; enhanced chapter review materials, including new Critical Questions; an extensive online media careers guide; and an entirely new collection of video clips with critical viewing questions.

Table of Contents

Complete List of Critical Questions Case Studies	xxiii
Preface	xxv
About the Author	xxxii
PART ONE The Mass Media Industries
Mass Media and Everyday Life	2	(26)
Mass Media Are Everywhere You Are	4	(2)
Mass Communication Becomes Wireless	6	(1)
How the Communication Process Works	7	(1)
What Are the Mass Media Industries?	8	(3)
Book Publishing	9	(1)
Newspapers	9	(1)
Magazines	9	(1)
Recordings	10	(1)
Radio	10	(1)
Movies	10	(1)
Television	10	(1)
The Internet	10	(1)
Media Are Profit-Centered Businesses	11	(2)
Competition and Convergence Dominate	13	(1)
Why Media Properties Converge	13	(1)
Advertisers and Consumers Pay the Bills	14	(1)
Technology Changes Mass Media Delivery and Consumption	15	(2)
Phonetic Writing	15	(1)
Printing	16	(1)
Computer Technology	16	(1)
Media Take Advantage of Digital Delivery	17	(1)
One-Way Versus Two-Way Communication	17	(1)
Dumb Versus Smart Communication	17	(1)
Critical Questions Case Study: Internet Eats Up User's Day	18	(1)
How Today's Communications Network Operates	19	(2)
The Receiver (You, the Subscriber)	19	(1)
The Channel (Cable, Telephone and Satellite and Cellular Companies)	20	(1)
The Sender (Internet Service Providers)	20	(1)
The Message (Content)	21	(1)
Mass Media Both Reflect and Affect Politics, Society and Culture	21	(1)
Why You Should Understand Mass Media and Everyday Life	22	(1)
Review, Analyze, Investigate	23
Impact Boxes
Audience Average Time People Spend Using Mass Media Each Year	4	(1)
Business U.S. Media Industries Annual Income 2006	5	(4)
Audience Elements of Mass Communication	9	(11)
Business How the Communications Network Works	20	(2)
Culture Roughing It, but Not Quite Getting Away from It All	22	(6)
Books: Rearranging the Page	28	(20)
Publishers Nurture Ideas and Try to Make Money	30	(1)
How American Book Publishing Grew	30	(3)
Political Pamphlets	31	(1)
Novels and Poetry	31	(1)
Humor	32	(1)
International Copyright Law of 1891	32	(1)
Publishing Houses	32	(1)
Compulsory Education	32	(1)
Critical Questions Case Study: Online Course Materials Raise Publishers' Fears	33	(1)
Cheaper Books Create a Mass Market	34	(1)
Book Clubs	34	(1)
Paperbacks	34	(1)
Grove Press Tests Censorship	34	(1)
Investors Buy Up Publishing Companies	35	(1)
Book Publishing at Work	35	(1)
Authors and Agents	35	(1)
How Do Books Get Published?	36	(1)
Book Industry Has Five Major Markets	37	(2)
Trade Books	37	(1)
Textbooks	38	(1)
Religious Books	38	(1)
Mass Market Paperbacks	38	(1)
University Press Books and Book Clubs	38	(1)
Corporations Demand Higher Profits	39	(2)
Subsidiary Rights	39	(1)
Blockbusters	39	(2)
Chain Bookstores and Online Retailers Compete	41	(1)
Small Presses Challenge Corporate Publishing	41	(1)
Publishers Promote Audio Books and Digital Alternatives	42	(1)
New Technologies Lower the Cost of Publishing	42	(1)
Book Publishing Is a Complex Business	43	(1)
Review, Analyze, Investigate	44
Impact Boxes
Business She'd Be Great on TV	37	(1)
Audience How Do Publishers Make Money?	38	(2)
People Some Best-Seller Old Reliables Have String of Unreliable Sales	40	(3)
Culture Watch Curious George on TV, Turning Pages by Pressing a Button	43	(5)
Newspapers: Expanding Delivery	48	(22)
First Mass Medium to Deliver News	50	(1)
Publishers Fight for an Independent Press	51	(2)
James Franklin's New England Courant Establishes the Independent Press Tradition	51	(1)
Benjamin Franklin Introduces Competition	51	(1)
Truth Versus Libel: The Zenger Trial	52	(1)
Women's Early Role as Publishers	52	(1)
Birth of the Partisan Press	52	(1)
The Stamp Act	52	(1)
The Alien and Sedition Laws	53	(1)
Newspapers Take Advantage of Early Technology	53	(1)
Frontier Journalism	53	(1)
Ethnic and Native American Newspapers	53	(1)
Dissident Voices Create the Early Alternative Press	54	(1)
Newspapers Seek Mass Audiences and Big Profits	55	(1)
Newspapers Dominate the Early 20th Century	56	(1)
Competition Breeds Sensationalism	56	(1)
Yellow Journalism Is Born: Hearst's Role in the Spanish-American War	57	(1)
Tabloid Journalism: Selling Sex and Violence	57	(1)
Unionization Encourages Professionalism	57	(1)
Television Brings New Competition	58	(1)
Alternative Press Revives Voices of Protest	58	(1)
Newspapers Expand and Contract	59	(1)
Newspapers at Work	59	(1)
Newspapers Struggle to Retain Readers	59	(1)
Critical Questions Case Study: Fault Line: Can the Los Angeles Times Survive Its Owners?	60	(2)
Internet Editions	60	(1)
National Newspapers	61	(1)
Syndicates	62	(1)
Technology Transforms Production	62	(1)
Consolidation Increases Chain Ownership	63	(1)
Newspapers Look for New Audiences	63	(3)
Review, Analyze, Investigate	66
Impact Boxes
People Ida B. Wells Uses Her Pen to Fight 19th Century Racism	56	(5)
Audience Percentage of Population Who Say They Read a Daily Newspaper	61	(3)
Business Top Ten U.S. Newspaper Chains	64	(1)
Culture Dallas-Fort Worth Papers Fight It Out in Spanish	65	(5)
Magazines: Targeting the Audience	70	(18)
Magazines Reflect Trends and Culture	72	(1)
Colonial Magazines Complete with Newspapers	73	(1)
Magazines Travel Beyond Local Boundaries	73	(1)
Publishers Locate New Readers	73	(2)
Women's Issues	74	(1)
Social Crusades	74	(1)
Fostering the Arts	74	(1)
Political Commentary	74	(1)
Postal Act Helps Magazines Grow	75	(1)
McClure's Launches Investigative Journalism	75	(1)
The New Yorker and Time Succeed Differently	76	(1)
Harold Ross and The New Yorker	76	(1)
Henry Luce's Empire: Time	77	(1)
Specialized Magazines Take Over	77	(1)
Magazines Divide into Three Types	78	(1)
Magazines at Work	78	(1)
Magazines Complete for Readers in Crowded Markets	79	(2)
Segmenting the Audience	80	(1)
Magazine Launches	80	(1)
Critical Questions Case Study: Maxim Magazine Launches Maxim Wireless in Latin America	81	(1)
Readers Represent a Valuable Audience	82	(1)
Companies Expand Ownership and Define Readership	83	(1)
Internet Editions Offer New Publishing Outlets	83	(1)
Why Magazines Survive	84	(1)
Review, Analyze, Investigate	85
Impact Boxes
People Muckraker Ida Tarbell Targets John D. Rockefeller	76	(4)
Audience Top Ten Magazines by Category	80	(2)
Audience Top Ten U.S. Consumer Magazines	82	(1)
Audience Top Ten Web Sites Associated with Magazine Brands	83	(1)
Culture Apache Television Reporter Creates Online Youth Magazine	84	(4)
Recordings: Demanding Choices	88	(16)
Edison Introduces His Amazing Talking Machine	90	(1)
Peter Goldmark Perfects Long-Playing Records	91	(1)
William S. Paley Battles David Sarnoff for Record Format	91	(1)
Hi-Fi and Stereo Rock In	92	(1)
Recording Industry at Work	92	(1)
Concerts Bring in Important Revenue	93	(1)
Four Major Companies Dominate	94	(1)
Music Sales and Licensing Drive Industry Income	95	(2)
Direct Sales	95	(1)
Music Licensing: ASCAP Versus BMI	95	(2)
Industry Struggles to Protect Content	97	(1)
Content Labeling	97	(1)
Overseas Piracy	97	(1)
File-sharing on the Internet	98	(1)
Recording Industry Association Sues Downloaders	98	(1)
U.S. Supreme Court Rules Against File-sharing	99	(1)
Changing Technology Transforms Delivery	99	(1)
Critical Questions Case Study: Britney to Rent, Lease or Buy	100	(1)
Review, Analyze, Investigate	101
Impact Boxes
Audience What Types of Music Do People Buy?	94	(1)
Business The Music Industry's Big Four	95	(1)
People Berry Gordy, Jr., Founder of Motown	96	(2)
Audience Who Pays for Music?	98	(6)
Radio: Riding the Wave	104	(22)
Radio Sounds Are Everywhere	106	(1)
Radio Takes a Technological Leap	106	(1)
Broadcasting Is Born	107	(1)
Wireless Breakthrough: Guglielmo Marconi	107	(1)
Experimental Broadcasts: Reginald Aubrey Fessenden	108	(1)
Detecting Radio Waves: Lee De Forest	108	(1)
Radio for the People: David Sarnoff	108	(1)
Federal Government Regulates the Airwaves	108	(2)
Government Approves Commercial Broadcasting	109	(1)
Experimental Stations Multiply	109	(1)
KDKA Launches Commercial Broadcasting	109	(1)
Radio Audience Expands Quickly	110	(1)
Blanket Licensing	110	(1)
Commercial Sponsorship	110	(1)
Federal Radio Commission	110	(1)
Radio Becomes a Powerful Force	111	(1)
``War of the Worlds'' Challenges Radio's Credibility	111	(1)
Radio Networks Expand	112	(1)
David Sarnoff Launches NBC	112	(1)
William S. Paley Starts CBS	113	(1)
Edward Noble Buys ABC	113	(1)
Radio Adapts to Television	113	(2)
Inventor Edwin H. Armstrong Pioneers FM	113	(1)
Licensed Recordings Launch Disc Jockeys	114	(1)
Clock and Car Radios Make Radio Portable	114	(1)
Gordon McLendon Introduces Format Radio	114	(1)
Payola Scandals Highlight Broadcast Ethics	115	(1)
Radio at Work	115	(1)
Critical Questions Case Study: Radio Gets Static on Hill: Senate Panel Studying Radio Consolidation Cites Dixie Chicks Ban	116	(1)
Congress Creates National Public Radio	116	(1)
Portability and Immediacy Help Radio Survive	117	(1)
Telecommunications Act of 1996 Overhauls Radio	117	(1)
Are Radio Ratings Accurate?	118	(1)
Radio Depends on Ready-Made Formats	119	(1)
Audience Divides into Smaller Segments	120	(1)
Competition Brings Back Payola	121	(1)
Radio Income Splits Apart	122	(1)
Review, Analyze, Investigate	123
Impact Boxes
Audience Where Do People Listen to the Radio?	111	(7)
Culture KPFA Radio Producers Work to Give Young Palestinians a Voice	118	(2)
Business Most Popular Radio Formats	120	(1)
Culture Satellite Digital Radio	121	(5)
Movies: Picturing the Future	126	(22)
Movies Mirror the Culture	128	(1)
Inventors Capture Motion on Film	128	(3)
Early Inventors Nurture the Movie Industry	128	(1)
Marey and Muybridge	128	(2)
Thomas Edison	130	(1)
William K. L. Dickson	130	(1)
Auguste and Louis Lumiere	130	(1)
Edison Launches American Movies	130	(1)
Critical Questions Case Study: Lights, Camera, Pixels . . . Action! Filmmaker Peter Jackson Brings the Worlds of Film and Games Closer	131	(1)
Filmmakers Turn Novelty into Art	132	(1)
Georges Melies	132	(1)
Edwin S. Porter	132	(1)
Studio System Flourishes	132	(1)
Movies Become Big Business	133	(2)
Studios Move to Hollywood	133	(1)
Distributors Insist on Block Booking	133	(1)
United Artists Champions the Independents	133	(1)
Moviemakers Use Self-Regulation to Respond to Scandals	134	(1)
New Technology Brings the Talkies	135	(1)
Big Five Studios Dominate	135	(1)
Labor Unions Organize Movie Workers	136	(1)
Movies Glitter During the Golden Age	136	(1)
Congress and the Courts Change Hollywood	137	(1)
The House Un-American Activities Committee	137	(1)
United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc., et al.	137	(1)
Movies Lose Their Audience to Television	138	(1)
Wide-Screen and 3-D Movies	138	(1)
Changes in Censorship	138	(1)
Spectaculars	139	(1)
Movie Ratings	139	(1)
Movies and Money Today	139	(2)
Losing Money: Ticket Sales Drop	140	(1)
Ancillary Rights Fund Projects	141	(1)
Movies at Work	141	(2)
Digital Technology Drives the Business	143	(1)
Production	143	(1)
Distribution	143	(1)
Exhibition	144	(1)
International Markets Bring Concentrated Power	144	(1)
Global Influence	145	(1)
Concentrating Media Power	145	(1)
Review, Analyze, Investigate	145
Impact Boxes
Culture Old-Style Sundance Versus Starry Premieres	129	(7)
People Paul Robeson and Josephine Baker Light Up a Black Screen	136	(4)
Audience Today's Movies Are Losing the Young Male Audience	140	(2)
Business How the Movie Industry Makes Money	142	(2)
Culture Online Piracy, Video-on-Demand Threaten DVD Rentals	144	(4)
Television: Changing Channels	148	(24)
Television Transforms Daily Life	150	(1)
TV Delivers an Audience to Advertisers	151	(1)
Visual Radio Becomes Television	151	(2)
Television Outpaces Radio	153	(2)
News with Pictures	153	(1)
Entertainment Programming	153	(2)
Quiz Shows Bring Ethics Scandals	155	(1)
Ratings Target the Audience	156	(2)
Critical Questions Case Study: NBC, CBS to Offer Shows on Demand for 99 Cents	158	(1)
Newton Minow Criticizes TV's ``Vast Wasteland''	158	(1)
Public Television Finds an Audience	159	(1)
Satellites Bring a Technological Breakthrough	160	(1)
Television Changes National Politics	160	(1)
TV News Images Spread 21st Century Grief	161	(1)
Television at Work	161	(2)
Audiences Drive TV Programming	163	(4)
Station Ownership Changes and Mergers	163	(1)
The Networks' Shrinking Role	163	(1)
How Accurate Are TV Ratings?	164	(1)
Cable and Satellite Delivery	164	(1)
TV Changes Professional Sports	165	(1)
Spanish-Language Television Brings a New Audience	166	(1)
New Technology Changes TV's Focus	167	(1)
Digital Video Recorders	167	(1)
High-Definition Television	168	(1)
Television Views the Future	168	(1)
Review, Analyze, Investigate	169
Impact Boxes
Audience How Much Time Do People Spend Watching Television?	152	(2)
People Edward R. Murrow (1908--1965)	154	(3)
Business Measuring the Audience: What TV Ratings Mean	157	(8)
Business Network's Share of Prime-Time Audience, 1975--2004
Audience Where Do People Watch Television at Home?	165	(1)
Business Household Spending on Basic Cable and Satellite Television, 1990--2006	166	(1)
Culture Big Four TV Networks Get a Wake-up Call--in Spanish	167	(5)
Digital Media: Widening the Web	172	(28)
Digital Communication Transforms Media	174	(1)
Digital Media Support Convergence	175	(1)
Critical Questions Case Study: Google Founders Transform the Way People Think about Media	176	(1)
20th Century Discoveries Made Internet Possible	177	(2)
Web Opens to Unlimited Access	179	(1)
What Happens to Old Media?	180	(1)
Transformation Takes 30 Years	180	(1)
Web Access Leaves Some People Behind	181	(2)
Internet Combines Commerce, Information and Entertainment	183	(2)
Promoting Commerce	183	(1)
Accepting Advertising	183	(2)
Providing Online Content	185	(1)
Mobile Media Chase the Audience	185	(3)
Podcasts	186	(1)
Blogs	186	(1)
Personalized Web Pages	187	(1)
Government Attempts to Coordinate and Control the Net	188	(1)
Intellectual Property Rights Seek Protection	189	(1)
Court Challenges	189	(1)
Creation of Darknets	190	(1)
Internet Faces Four Challenges	190	(4)
Free Access	190	(1)
Storage Capacity	191	(1)
Compatible Delivery	192	(1)
Personal Privacy	193	(1)
New Technologies Mix with Old Ideas	194	(2)
Digital Subscriber Line	195	(1)
Virtual Reality Avatars	195	(1)
Personalized Channels	195	(1)
Wikis	195	(1)
Review, Analyze, Investigate	196
Impact Boxes
Business How the MIT Media Lab Described Convergence	177	(1)
People Tim Berners-Lee: The Man Who Invented the Web	178	(2)
Culture MySpace Is a New Online Star	180	(1)
Culture Paul Saffo Talks about Today's Media Revolution	181	(1)
Audience What Does Today's U.S. Internet Audience Look Like?	182	(2)
Business U.S. Internet Advertising Income	184	(2)
Audience What Consumers Spend for Wireless Content	186	(1)
Audience Podcasting Gives Voice to Amateurs	187	(5)
Business Chinese Bloggers Grapple with the Profit Motive	192	(8)
PART TWO Selling the Message
Advertising: Motivating Customers	200	(18)
Advertising Helps Pay for Media	202	(2)
Advertising in Newspapers	202	(1)
Advertising in Magazines	203	(1)
Advertising on Radio	203	(1)
Advertising on Television	203	(1)
Advertising on the Internet	204	(1)
Ads Share Three Characteristics	204	(2)
Ads Must Grab Your Attention	206	(1)
15 Ways Ads Appeal to Consumers	206	(1)
Advertisers Use Demographics	207	(1)
Advertising Feeds Consumerism	207	(1)
Advertising at Work	208	(1)
Critical Questions Case Study: The New Pitch	209	(1)
Media Depend on Advertising	210	(2)
Commercials on Television	210	(1)
Using the Internet, Print and Radio	211	(1)
Media Compete Fiercely for Clients	212	(1)
Advertising Locally	212	(1)
Advertising Sales Representatives	212	(1)
Federal Government Regulates Advertisers	213	(1)
The Federal Trade Commission	213	(1)
The Food and Drug Administration	213	(1)
The Federal Communications Commission	214	(1)
TV Accepts Hard Liquor Ads	214	(1)
Advertising Business Must Deliver New Markets	214	(1)
Review, Analyze, Investigate	215
Impact Boxes
Business ``Viral'' Ads Are So Fun You Pass `Em Along	205	(5)
Business The World's Top Ten Advertisers	210	(1)
Culture If You Pitch It, They Will Eat	211	(7)
Public Relations: Promoting Ideas	218	(14)
PR Helps Shape Public Opinion	220	(1)
PR Pioneer Issues ``Declaration of Principles''	220	(1)
Government Recruits PR Professionals	221	(1)
Women Join PR Firms	221	(1)
Professionals Promote Ethics Codes	222	(1)
Public Relations at Work	222	(2)
Financial Public Relations	222	(1)
Product Public Relations	223	(1)
Critical Questions Case Study: A Question of Ethics: Buying of News by Bush's Aides Is Ruled Illegal	224	(1)
Crisis Public Relations	224	(1)
Public Relations Adapts to the Internet	225	(1)
Public Relations Joins Ad Agencies	226	(1)
Variety of Clients Use Public Relations	227	(1)
Government	227	(1)
Education	227	(1)
Nonprofit Organizations	227	(1)
Industry	227	(1)
Business	227	(1)
Athletic Teams and Entertainment Organizations	227	(1)
International	228	(1)
Publicity Means Free Media	228	(1)
Public Relations Grows Globally	229	(1)
Review, Analyze, Investigate	229
Impact Boxes
Business Wal-Mart Enlists Bloggers in PR Campaign	223	(3)
Culture Wendy's Gets a Break in the Case of the Finger in the Chili, but It Still Has Work Ahead of It	226	(6)
PART THREE Changing Messages
News and Information: Getting Personal	232	(22)
Early News Organizations Cooperate to Gather News	234	(1)
Civil War Brings Accreditation and Photojournalism	235	(1)
Government Accredits Journalists	235	(1)
Photojournalism Is Born	235	(1)
Tabloid News Takes Over	236	(1)
Newsreels Bring Distant Events to American Moviegoers	236	(1)
Radio Broadcasts the Sounds of World War II	237	(1)
Television News Enters Its Golden Age	238	(1)
TV and the Cold War	238	(1)
TV News as a Window on the World	239	(1)
Television News Changes the Nation's Identity	239	(1)
Vietnam Coverage Exposes Reality	239	(1)
Watergate Hearings Reveal Politics at Work	240	(1)
TV News Expands and Contracts	240	(1)
Iraq War Produces ``Embedded'' Reporters	240	(1)
The Internet Changes the News	241	(1)
Internet Personalizes the News	241	(1)
Internet Replaces Broadcast News	241	(1)
Information Access Creates a News Evolution	242	(1)
Journalists at Work	242	(1)
Critical Questions Case Study: Military Admits Planting News in Iraq	243	(3)
Reality Shows and Advertising Blur the Line	246	(1)
How the Public Perceives the Press	247	(1)
Journalists Embrace Specific News Values	247	(1)
Journalists Fight to Keep Sources Confidential	248	(1)
Credibility Attracts the Audience	249	(1)
Review, Analyze, Investigate	250
Impact Boxes
Culture Open-Source Reporting	236	(2)
People Ernie Pyle: The War Correspondent Who Hated War	238	(4)
Audience Evening Television Network News Viewership 1980--2004	242	(2)
Audience Patterns of Online News Use	244	(1)
Culture The Typical Journalist	245	(2)
Audience Public Favors News Media Over Political Leaders	247	(7)
Society, Culture and Politics: Shaping the Issues	254	(22)
Early Media Studies Assess Impact	256	(1)
Scholars Look for Patterns	256	(1)
The Payne Fund Studies	257	(1)
The Cantril Study	257	(1)
The Lasswell Model	257	(1)
How TV Affects Children's Behavior	257	(2)
Television in the Lives of Children	258	(1)
Television and Social Behavior	258	(1)
Critical Questions Case Study: PBS Pulls Children's Show Because of Lesbian Families	259	(2)
The Early Window	260	(1)
Television Advertising to Children	260	(1)
Does Television Cause Violence?	261	(1)
National Political Campaigns Depend on the Media	261	(3)
The Fireside Chats	262	(1)
The People's Choice	262	(1)
The Unseeing Eye	263	(1)
Election Campaigns on Television	264	(1)
Cost of Political Advertising Skyrockets	264	(2)
National Politics and the Internet	265	(1)
Mass Media Reflect Cultural Values	266	(2)
Silencing Opposing Viewpoints	266	(1)
Losing a Sense of Place	266	(1)
Linking TV to School Performance	267	(1)
Stereotyping	268	(1)
Media Slow to Reflect Ethnic Diversity	268	(2)
Mass Media Face Gender Issues	270	(1)
How to Gauge Media Effects	271	(1)
Review, Analyze, Investigate	272
Impact Boxes
Audience Lasswell's Model	258	(4)
Culture Are You Starstruck?	262	(4)
Audience TV Political Campaign Advertising Revenue in Presidential Elections, 1972--2004	266	(3)
Culture Audience for Ethnic Media Huge and Growing	269	(1)
How People Use Ethnic Media	269	(7)
Law and Regulation: Rewriting the Rules	276	(36)
U.S. Constitution Sets Free Press Precedent	278	(1)
Government Tries to Restrict Free Expression	278	(2)
The Alien and Sedition Laws of 1798	278	(1)
The Espionage Act of 1918	278	(1)
The Smith Act of 1940	279	(1)
HUAC and the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations	280	(1)
Prior Restraint Rarely Used	280	(1)
Near v. Minnesota	280	(1)
The Pentagon Papers	280	(1)
The Progressive Case	281	(1)
Government Manages War Coverage	281	(2)
Restricting Press Access in Grenada	281	(1)
News Blackouts and Press Pools During the Gulf War	281	(1)
War in Afghanistan	282	(1)
``Embedded'' Reporters During Iraq War	282	(1)
Librarians Resist the Patriot Act	283	(1)
What is the Standard for Obscenity?	283	(3)
Local Efforts	284	(1)
U.S. Supreme Court Writes Obscenity Criteria	284	(1)
School Boards as Censors	285	(1)
Critical Questions Case Study: It's Perfectly Normal Tops American Library Association's 2005 List of Most Challenged Books	286	(1)
The Hazelwood Case	287	(1)
Libel Law Outlines the Media's Public Responsibility	287	(3)
Sullivan Case Establishes a Libel Landmark	288	(1)
Redefining the Sullivan Decision	288	(1)
Charges and Defenses for Libel	289	(1)
Legal Outcomes Reflect Mixed Results	289	(1)
Invasion of Privacy Defined Four Ways	290	(3)
Physical or Mental Solitude	291	(1)
Embarrassing Personal Facts	291	(1)
Bartnicki v. Vopper	291	(1)
False Light	292	(1)
Right of Publicity	292	(1)
Debate Continues Over Fair Trial, Right of Access and Shield Laws	293	(2)
Fair Trial	293	(1)
Courtroom Access	293	(1)
Shield Laws	294	(1)
FCC Regulates Broadcast and Cable	295	(1)
Telecommunications Act of 1996 Changes the Marketplace	296	(1)
Goal: To Sell Consumers ``The Bundle''	296	(1)
Targeting the ``Power User''	296	(1)
Deregulation Unleashes the Media	297	(2)
Creates a Goal of Universal Service	297	(1)
Deregulates Free Media	297	(1)
Relaxes Ownership and Licensing Rules	297	(1)
Creates Local Phone Competition	298	(1)
Ends Cable Rate Regulation	299	(1)
Congress Attempts to Use Communications Decency Act	299	(2)
Program Blocking	299	(1)
Indecent Material on the Internet	299	(1)
Child Online Protection Act Fails	300	(1)
Court Upholds Internet Filters for Public Libraries	300	(1)
TV Industry Agrees to Ratings and the V-Chip	301	(1)
Government Monitors Broadcast Indecency	302	(1)
Intellectual Property Rights Affirmed	303	(2)
Digital Millennium Copyright Act	304	(1)
New York Times Co. v. Tasini	304	(1)
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. et al. v. Grokster Ltd. et al.	305	(1)
Courts and Regulators Govern Advertising and PR	305	(1)
Central Hudson Case	305	(1)
Texas Gulf Sulphur Case	305	(1)
Government Regulates Advertisers	306	(1)
Law Must Balance Rights and Responsibilities	306	(1)
Review, Analyze, Investigate	307
Impact Boxes
Culture Excerpts from the 1943 Code of Wartime Practices for American Broadcasters	279	(11)
People Photographer Charged for Harassing Witherspoon	290	(4)
Audience Cameras in the Court: A State-by-State Guide	294	(8)
Audience Network Television's Program Rating System	302	(10)
Ethics: Placing Responsibility	312	(24)
Ethics Define Responsibilities	314	(1)
Truthfulness Affects Credibility	315	(2)
Hidden Motives or Sponsors	315	(1)
Misrepresentation	315	(2)
Fairness Means Evenhanded	317	(3)
Insider Friendships	317	(1)
Conflicts of Interest	318	(2)
Checkbook Journalism	320	(1)
Privacy Involves Respect	320	(1)
Reporting an Illness	320	(1)
Critical Questions Case Study: Was People Photo Payment Ethical?	321	(1)
Reporting on Rape	322	(1)
Responsibility Brings Trust	322	(3)
A Staged Accident	323	(1)
Fabricated Documents	323	(1)
Phony Web Story	324	(1)
A Live TV Raid	324	(1)
Five Philosophical Principles Govern Journalistic Ethics	325	(1)
Media's Ethical Decisions Carry Consequences	326	(1)
Professional Associations Proscribe Behavior	327	(2)
Society of Professional Journalists Outlines Conduct	327	(1)
Radio-Television News Directors Association Code Covers Broadcast News	328	(1)
Public Relations Society of America Sets Standards	328	(1)
Media Respond to Criticism	329	(1)
News Councils	329	(1)
Readers' Representatives	329	(1)
Correction Boxes	330	(1)
Professional Ethics Preserve Media Credibility	330	(1)
Review, Analyze, Investigate	331
Impact Box
People Washington Post Blogger Quits After Plagiarism Accusations	326	(10)
Global Media: Discovering New Markets	336	(25)
World Media Systems Vary	338	(1)
Five Political Theories Help Describe How World Media Operate	339	(3)
The Soviet Theory	339	(1)
The Authoritarian Theory	339	(1)
The Libertarian Theory	340	(1)
The Social Responsibility Theory	340	(1)
The Developmental Theory	340	(2)
Western Europe and Canada Are Similar to the United States	342	(1)
Print Media	342	(1)
Audio and Video Media	342	(1)
Eastern Europe Is Transforming	343	(2)
Audio and Video Media	343	(1)
Print Media	344	(1)
Critical Questions Case Study: Spinning Russia: Russia Aims to Improve Its Image	345	(1)
Middle East and North African Media Work with Government Controls	346	(1)
Print Media	346	(1)
Audio and Video Media	346	(1)
African Media Finding a New Voice	347	(1)
Print Media	347	(1)
Audio and Video Media	348	(1)
Media Exploding in Asia and the Pacific	348	(2)
Japan	348	(1)
Australia	349	(1)
India	349	(1)
People's Republic of China	350	(1)
Families Often Control Latin American and Caribbean Media	350	(1)
Print Media	351	(1)
Audio and Video Media	351	(1)
Reporters Risk Their Lives to Report World Events	351	(1)
Critics Cite Western Communications Bias	351	(2)
UNESCO's 1978 Declaration Promoted Self-Reliance	352	(1)
MacBride Report Provoked Controversy	353	(1)
Global Media Markets Widen Rapidly	353	(1)
Media Companies Chase International Consumers	354	(1)
The International Herald Tribune Seeks a Worldwide Audience	354	(1)
Internet Expands Media's Global Reach	354	(1)
Ideas Transcend Borders	355	(2)
Review, Analyze, Investigate	357
Impact Boxes
Audience Top Ten International Cities for Wireless Hot Spots	341	(3)
Culture Prague Becomes a Worldwide Center of Filmmaking	344	(5)
People Filipino Journalist Hernan dela Cruz Finds Death Threats Are Part of the Job	349	(3)
Culture Reporters Without Borders Press Freedom Barometer	352	(3)
Business International Herald Tribune Timeline 1887--Today	355	(1)
Business Yahoo Bets a Billion in China	356	(5)
Glossary of Media Terms	361	(4)
Media Information Guide	365	(8)
Chapter References	373	(10)
Index	383