Nonverbal Communication in Human Interaction

by Knapp, Mark L.; Hall, Judith A.

• ISBN13: 9780155063723
• ISBN10: 0155063723
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-08-29
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

This introductory text is designed for courses in nonverbal communication. Using the cross disciplinary approaches of speech and social psychology, Knapp and Hall center on how nonverbal communication research affects a wide variety of academic interests. It is the most comprehensive, most readable compendium of research and theory on nonverbal communication available. It is the standard reference in this area.

Table of Contents

Part One An Introduction to the Study of Nonverbal Communication	1	(106)
Nonverbal Communication: Basic Perspectives	3	(37)
Perspective 1: Defining Nonverbal Communication	5	(2)
Encoding	5	(1)
Decoding	6	(1)
Perspective 2: Classifying Nonverbal Behavior	7	(4)
The Communication Environment	7	(1)
Physical Environment	7	(1)
Spatial Environment	8	(1)
The Communicators' Physical Characteristics	8	(1)
Body Movement and Position	8	(1)
Gestures	8	(1)
Posture	9	(1)
Touching Behavior	9	(1)
Facial Expressions	10	(1)
Eye Behavior	10	(1)
Vocal Behavior	10	(1)
Perspective 3: Nonverbal Communication in the Total Communication Process	11	(7)
Repeating	12	(1)
Conflicting	13	(3)
Complementing	16	(1)
Substituting	16	(1)
Accenting/Moderating	16	(1)
Regulating	17	(1)
Perspective 4: The History of Nonverbal Studies	18	(4)
Perspective 5: Nonverbal Communication in Everyday Life	22	(8)
Crime and Punishment	23	(1)
Televised Politics	24	(3)
Classroom Behavior	27	(1)
Courtship Behavior	28	(2)
Summary	30	(10)
The Roots of Nonverbal Behavior	40	(31)
The Development of Nonverbal Behavior Across Evolutionary Time: Phylogeny	42	(24)
Evidence from Sensory Deprivation	43	(1)
Evidence from Infants	44	(7)
Evidence from Twin Studies	51	(2)
Evidence from Nonhuman Primates	53	(9)
Evidence from Multicultural Studies	62	(4)
Summary	66	(5)
The Ability to Receive and Send Nonverbal Signals	71	(36)
Methods for Improving Nonverbal Skills	73	(3)
Measuring Accuracy of Decoding and Encoding Nonverbal Cues	76	(6)
Standardized Tests of Decoding Ability	78	(4)
Characteristics of Skilled Nonverbal Receivers	82	(7)
Gender	83	(1)
Other Personal Correlates of Receiving Accuracy	84	(4)
Task Factors Affecting Nonverbal Receiving Accuracy	88	(1)
Characteristics of Accurate Nonverbal Senders	89	(3)
The Relationship between Sending and Receiving Skills	92	(1)
On Being an Observer of Nonverbal Communication	93	(4)
The Fallibility of Human Perception	95	(2)
Summary	97	(10)
Part Two The Communication Environment	107	(70)
The Effects of the Environment on Human Communication	109	(34)
Perceptions of Our Surroundings	111	(3)
Perceptions of Formality	112	(1)
Perceptions of Warmth	112	(1)
Perceptions of Privacy	112	(1)
Perceptions of Familiarity	112	(1)
Perceptions of Constraint	113	(1)
Perceptions of Distance	113	(1)
Reacting to Environments	113	(1)
Perceptions of Time	114	(3)
Time as Location	115	(1)
Time as Duration	116	(1)
Time as Intervals	116	(1)
Time as Patterns of Intervals	116	(1)
The Natural Environment	117	(2)
Other People in the Environment	119	(2)
Architectural Design and Movable Objects	121	(13)
Color	123	(2)
Sound	125	(1)
Lighting	126	(1)
Movable Objects	127	(2)
Structure and Design	129	(5)
Regulating Environments and Communication	134	(1)
Summary	135	(8)
The Effects of Territory and Personal Space on Human Communication	143	(34)
The Concept of Territoriality	143	(5)
Territoriality Invasion and Defense	144	(4)
Density and Crowding	148	(4)
The Effects of High Density	150	(1)
Coping with High Density	151	(1)
Conversational Distance	152	(9)
Sex	155	(2)
Age	157	(1)
Cultural and Ethnic Background	157	(1)
Topic or Subject Matter	158	(1)
Setting for the Interaction	159	(1)
Physical Characteristics	159	(1)
Attitudinal and Emotional Orientation	159	(1)
Characteristics of the Interpersonal Relationship	160	(1)
Personality Characteristics	161	(1)
Seating Behavior and Spatial Arrangements in Small Groups	161	(7)
Leadership	161	(2)
Dominance	163	(1)
Task	163	(1)
Sex and Acquaintance	164	(2)
Introversion-Extraversion	166	(2)
Summary	168	(9)
Part Three The Communicators	177	(50)
The Effects of Physical Characteristics on Human Communication	179	(48)
Our Body: Its General Attractiveness	180	(7)
Dating and Marriage	181	(3)
On the Job	184	(1)
Persuading Others	184	(1)
Self-Esteem	185	(1)
Antisocial Behavior	186	(1)
The Power of Physical Attractiveness: Some Important Qualifications	187	(2)
The Effects of Interaction	187	(1)
The Effects of Other Factors	188	(1)
Changing Standards over Time	188	(1)
Our Body: Its Specific Features	189	(17)
The Face	189	(3)
Body Shape	192	(5)
Height	197	(2)
Body Image	199	(1)
Body Color	200	(1)
Body Smell	201	(2)
Body Hair	203	(3)
Our Body: Clothes and Other Artifacts	206	(8)
Clothing and Communication	207	(2)
Functions of Clothing	209	(1)
Clothing as Information about the Person	210	(1)
Effects of Clothing on the Wearer	211	(1)
Clothing and Personality	211	(2)
Artifacts and Body Decoration	213	(1)
Summary	214	(13)
Part Four The Communicators' Behavior	227	(194)
The Effects of Gesture and Posture on Human Communication	229	(43)
Speech-Independent Gestures	230	(11)
Speech-Related Gestures	241	(9)
Referent-Related Gestures	241	(3)
Speaker's-Relationship-to-the-Referent Gestures	244	(1)
Punctuation Gestures	245	(1)
Interactive Gestures	245	(5)
The Coordination of Gesture, Posture, and Speech	250	(10)
Self-Synchrony	250	(3)
Interaction Synchrony	253	(7)
Summary	260	(12)
The Effects of Touch on Human Communication	272	(33)
Touching and Human Development	273	(2)
Who Touches Whom, Where, and How Much?	275	(5)
Different Types of Touching Behavior	280	(4)
The Meanings and Impact of Interpersonal Touch	284	(6)
Touch as Positive Affect	285	(1)
Touch as Negative Affect	285	(1)
Touch as Play	285	(1)
Touch as Influence	286	(1)
Touch as Interaction Management	286	(1)
Touch as Physiological Stimulus	286	(1)
Touch as Interpersonal Responsiveness	286	(1)
Touch as Task Related	287	(1)
Touch as Healing	287	(1)
Touch as Symbolism	288	(1)
Contextual Factors in the Meaning of Interpersonal Touch	289	(1)
Touch--A Powerful Unconscious Force in Interaction	290	(2)
Cultural Differences in Touching Behavior	292	(1)
Self-Touching	293	(4)
Summary	297	(8)
The Effects of the Face on Human Communication	305	(42)
The Face and Personality Judgments	305	(1)
The Face and Interaction Management	306	(2)
Channel Control	307	(1)
Complementing or Qualifying Other Behavior	307	(1)
Replacing Spoke Messages	307	(1)
The Face and Expressions of Emotion	308	(22)
The Face--A Complex Stimulus	309	(4)
The Facial Emotion Controversy	313	(2)
Measuring the Face	315	(7)
Judging Facial Expressions of Emotion	322	(4)
Emotions Inferred from the Face	326	(4)
Physiology and the Face	330	(5)
The Social Impact of Facial Expressions	335	(3)
Summary	338	(9)
The Effects of Eye Behavior on Human Communication	347	(32)
Gaze and Mutual Gaze	349	(1)
Functions of Gazing	350	(5)
Regulating the Flow of Communication	351	(1)
Monitoring Feedback	352	(1)
Reflecting Cognitive Activity	352	(1)
Expressing Emotions	353	(2)
Communicating the Nature of the Interpersonal Relationship	355	(5)
Conditions Influencing Gazing Patterns	360	(6)
Distance	360	(1)
Physical Characteristics	360	(1)
Personal and Personality Characteristics	361	(2)
Topics and Tasks	363	(2)
Cultural Background and Racial Attitudes	365	(1)
Pupil Dilation and Constriction	366	(3)
Summary	369	(10)
The Effects of Vocal Cues That Accompany Spoken Words	379	(42)
The Ingredients of Paralanguage	381	(3)
Vocal Cues and Speaker Recognition	384	(2)
Vocal Cues and Personality	386	(4)
Vocal Cues and Group Perceptions	390	(2)
Vocal Cues and Judgments of Sociodemographic Characteristics	392	(3)
Sex	392	(1)
Age	393	(1)
Social Class/Status	394	(1)
Target Effects	394	(1)
Vocal Cues and Emotion	395	(5)
Vocal Cues, Comprehension, and Persuasion	400	(3)
Vocal Cues, Comprehension, and Retention	401	(1)
Vocal Cues and Persuasion	402	(1)
Vocal Cues and Turn Taking in Conversations	403	(2)
Turn Yielding	404	(1)
Turn Requesting	404	(1)
Turn Maintaining	404	(1)
Turn Denying	405	(1)
Hesitations, Pauses, Silence, and Speech	405	(5)
Location or Placement of Pauses	405	(1)
Types of Pauses	406	(1)
Reasons Why Pauses Occur	407	(1)
Response Latency and Talking Time	407	(1)
Silence	408	(2)
Summary	410	(11)
Part Five Communicating Important Messages	421	(40)
Putting It All Together: Multisignal Messages	423	(38)
Communicating Intimacy	424	(5)
Communicating Dominance/Status	429	(4)
Managing the Interaction	433	(5)
Greeting Behavior	433	(1)
Turn-Taking Behavior	434	(3)
Leave-Taking Behavior	437	(1)
Communicating Our Identity	438	(5)
Personal Identity	439	(2)
Social Identity	441	(2)
Deceiving Others	443	(3)
A Perspective for Communicators	446	(13)
Credits	459	(2)
Author Index	461	(16)
Subject Index	477