Reading Problems : Assessment and Teaching Strategies

by Jennings, Joyce H.; Caldwell, JoAnne Schudt; Lerner, Janet W.

• ISBN13: 9780205441211
• ISBN10: 0205441211
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2010-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

The Fifth Edition of Reading Problems: Assessment and Teaching Strategies combines new and time-tested approaches to working with struggling readers of all ages, and includes practical instructional strategies, assessment tools, and discussion of the research.

Table of Contents

List of Strategy Snapshots	xvi
Preface	xvii
Overview of Reading and Reading Problems	1	(20)
Introduction	2	(1)
Reading Problems: A National Dilemma	3	(4)
National Reading Levels	4	(1)
Reading Needs in Today's World	4	(1)
Need for Early Identification and Instruction	5	(1)
Providing Reading Assistance	5	(2)
Factors Associated with Reading Problems	7	(2)
Factors Within the Individual	7	(1)
Factors in the Home, Social, and Cultural Environments	8	(1)
Factors in the School Environment	9	(1)
Factors of Cultural and Linguistic Diversity	9	(1)
What Is Reading?	9	(5)
Constructing Meaning	10	(1)
Contribution of the Reader	11	(2)
Contribution of the Written Material	13	(1)
Contribution of the Reading Situation	13	(1)
Components of the Reading Process	14	(4)
Early Literacy	14	(1)
Word Recognition: Accuracy and Fluency	14	(1)
Reading Comprehension	15	(2)
Language and Meaning Vocabulary	17	(1)
Reading-Writing Connection	18	(1)
Enjoyment and Appreciation	18	(1)
Overview of This Book	18	(2)
Summary	20	(1)
Factors Associated with Reading Disability	21	(24)
Introduction	22	(1)
Environmental Factors	22	(4)
Home Environment	22	(2)
School Environment	24	(1)
Social Environment	24	(1)
Cultural Environment	25	(1)
Assessing Environmental Factors	25	(1)
Emotional Factors	26	(3)
Emotional Responses to Reading Problems	26	(1)
Assessing Emotional and Behavioral Factors	27	(2)
Intelligence	29	(3)
Definitions of Intelligence	29	(1)
Current Views of Intelligence	29	(1)
Evidence That a Person's Intelligence Can Be Changed	30	(1)
Cultural Bias in the Measurement of Intelligence	30	(1)
Using Intelligence Tests to Determine the Existence of a Reading Disability	31	(1)
Concerns about Using Intelligence Tests to Determine a Reading Disability	32	(1)
Language Abilities	32	(6)
Written and Oral Language	34	(1)
Receptive and Expressive Language	34	(1)
Systems of Oral Language	35	(2)
Speech Problems and Language Disorders	37	(1)
Nonstandard Dialects	38	(1)
English Language Learners	38	(1)
Assessing Language Development	38	(1)
Physical Factors	38	(5)
Hearing Impairment	39	(1)
Visual Impairment	40	(1)
Neurological Factors	41	(1)
Gender Differences	41	(1)
Other Physical Problems	42	(1)
Summary	43	(2)
Obtaining Background Information	45	(32)
Introduction	46	(1)
Information about the Environment	46	(7)
Home Environment	47	(2)
School Environment	49	(3)
Social and Cultural Environments	52	(1)
Information about the Individual	53	(5)
Emotional Information	53	(1)
Information about Potential (Intelligence)	54	(1)
Physical Information	55	(2)
Information about Language Development	57	(1)
Methods of Collecting Information	58	(3)
Interview and Questionnaire	58	(2)
Informal Talks	60	(1)
School Records and Materials	61	(1)
Observation during Reading Lessons	61	(1)
Summary	61	(16)
Informal Assessment Procedures	77	(35)
Introduction	78	(1)
General Diagnostic Questions: An Overview	78	(3)
How Severe Is the Reading Problem?	78	(1)
What Is the General Area of the Reading Problem?	79	(2)
Overview of Formal Assessment Measures	81	(1)
Overview of Informal Assessment Measures	82	(1)
Informal Reading Inventory	83	(24)
Obtaining Answers to General Diagnostic Questions	83	(1)
Administering and Scoring the Informal Reading Inventory	84	(11)
Interpreting the Scores of the IRI	95	(7)
Special Issues and Options in Using IRIs	102	(3)
Interactive Assessment Procedures	105	(2)
Assessment Portfolios	107	(3)
Summary	110	(2)
Assessing Reading: Formal Measures	112	(25)
Introduction	113	(1)
Overview of Formal Tests	113	(4)
Norm-Referenced Tests	113	(1)
Criterion-Referenced Tests	114	(1)
Bias in Testing	114	(1)
Ethical Considerations	114	(1)
Scores on Norm-Referenced Tests	114	(2)
Standardization, Validity, and Reliability	116	(1)
Tests of General Reading Assessment	117	(6)
Group Survey Tests	117	(3)
Individual Survey Tests	120	(2)
Normed Oral Reading Tests	122	(1)
Diagnostic Reading Tests	123	(4)
Diagnostic Reading Batteries	123	(3)
Diagnostic Tests of Specific Areas	126	(1)
Measuring Intelligence	127	(8)
Using Intelligence Test Information in Reading Assessment	128	(2)
Intelligence Tests That Should Be Administered by Psychologists	130	(2)
Intelligence Tests That Can Be Administered by Teachers and Reading Specialists	132	(2)
Interpreting Intelligence Test Scores	134	(1)
Summary	135	(2)
Providing Instruction and Intervention Strategies	137	(30)
Introduction	138	(1)
Effective Intervention Programs	139	(1)
Individual Intervention Programs	140	(2)
Reading Recovery®	140	(1)
Early Steps	140	(1)
Book Buddies	141	(1)
Individual Intervention for Older Students	142	(1)
Group Intervention Programs	142	(3)
The Boulder Project	142	(1)
Early Intervention in Reading (EIR)	142	(1)
First Grade Group Intervention	142	(1)
Reading Club	143	(1)
Literacy Booster Groups	143	(1)
Intervention in the Classroom	143	(1)
Cross-Age Tutoring	144	(1)
Project Success	144	(1)
Readers' Workshop	145	(1)
Total School or Classroom Interventions	145	(2)
Success for All	145	(1)
Four Blocks® Literacy Model	146	(1)
Fluency-Oriented Reading Program	146	(1)
Principles of Teaching Students Struggling with Literacy	147	(17)
Emphasize Reading	147	(2)
Teach Students the Strategies That Good Readers Use	149	(3)
Make Assessment an Ongoing and Integral Component of Instruction	152	(1)
Provide a Balanced Instructional Framework	153	(1)
Provide a Consistent Instructional Structure and Use Time Effectively	154	(1)
Provide Text That Students Can Read Successfully	155	(1)
Provide Time for Word Study	156	(1)
Encourage Independent Reading	156	(3)
Include Writing as Part of the Lesson Structure	159	(1)
Keep the Size of the Group as Small as Possible	159	(2)
Coordinate Intervention Instruction and Classroom Instruction	161	(2)
Build Rapport by Fostering Acceptance, Security, and Success	163	(1)
Application of Common Intervention Elements to Program Design	164	(1)
Summary	165	(2)
Early Literacy	167	(17)
Introduction	168	(1)
Early Literacy Concepts	168	(6)
Oral Language Development	169	(1)
Concepts about Print	169	(1)
Alphabet Knowledge	170	(2)
Phonemic Awareness	172	(1)
Letter-Sound Correspondence	172	(1)
Beginning Reading Vocabulary	173	(1)
Strategies to Develop Early Literacy Concepts	174	(9)
Oral Language Development	174	(3)
Concepts about Print	177	(2)
Alphabet Knowledge	179	(1)
Phonemic Awareness	180	(2)
Letter-Sound Correspondence	182	(1)
Beginning Reading Vocabulary	183	(1)
Summary	183	(1)
Improving Word Recognition Accuracy	184	(25)
Introduction	185	(1)
Stages of Word Recognition Development	185	(1)
Strategies for Identifying Words	186	(1)
Assessing Phonics Strategies	187	(2)
Miscue Analysis	187	(1)
Tests of Phonics Patterns	188	(1)
Teaching Phonics Strategies	189	(14)
Patterns and Rules	190	(1)
Choosing the Phonics Teaching Sequence	191	(2)
Decoding through Analogy	193	(1)
Combining Phonics and Meaning	194	(1)
Making Students Aware of Their Strategies	195	(1)
Dealing with Exceptions	196	(1)
Ideas for Practicing Phonics	196	(2)
Teaching Multisyllabic Words	198	(3)
The Benchmark Program	201	(2)
The Open Court Reading Program	203	(1)
Assessing Structural Analysis Strategies	203	(1)
Teaching Structural Analysis Strategies	204	(1)
Assessing Context Strategies	205	(2)
Miscue Analysis	206	(1)
Student Reading Interview	206	(1)
Comparison of Words Recognized in Lists and Passages	206	(1)
Teaching Context Strategies	207	(1)
Encouraging Students to Monitor for Meaning	207	(1)
Using Cloze	207	(1)
Summary	208	(1)
Improving Reading Fluency	209	(30)
Introduction	210	(1)
Role of Fluency in the Reading Process	210	(1)
Assessing Word Recognition Fluency	211	(3)
Listening to Students Read Orally	212	(1)
Determining Reading Rate	212	(2)
Timed Administration of Word Lists	214	(1)
Strategies for Developing Fluency in Context	214	(13)
Promoting Wide Reading of Easy Text	214	(3)
Using Patterned Books	217	(3)
Assisted Reading	220	(2)
Repeated Reading	222	(1)
Performance Reading	223	(1)
The Language Experience Approach	223	(1)
Making Oral and Silent Reading Effective	224	(2)
Fluency Development Procedures	226	(1)
Strategies for Developing Sight Words in Isolation	227	(8)
Choosing Words for Instructional Focus	228	(1)
Guidelines for Teaching Sight Words	228	(2)
Strategies for Focusing on Words	230	(3)
Mastering Function Words	233	(1)
Dealing with Reversals	234	(1)
Combining Contextual Reading with a Focus on Words	235	(2)
The Curious George Strategy	235	(1)
The Multiple-Exposure/Multiple-Context Strategy	235	(2)
Summary	237	(2)
Improving Vocabulary Development and Listening Comprehension	239	(26)
Introduction	240	(1)
Importance of Language to Reading	240	(1)
Causes of Problems with Language	240	(1)
Language Disability and Delay	240	(1)
Lack of Reading	241	(1)
Lack of a Rich Language Environment	241	(1)
Assessing Language Abilities	241	(3)
Informal Measures	241	(2)
Formal Measures	243	(1)
Conditions That Foster Language Learning	244	(3)
Exposure to Rich Language	244	(1)
Active Participation	245	(1)
Incidental and Explicit Instruction	245	(1)
Making Connections	246	(1)
Strategies for Fostering Language: Listening Comprehension	247	(3)
Reading Books to Students	247	(1)
Paired Story Reading	248	(1)
Directed Listening-Thinking Activity (DL-TA)	248	(1)
Sentence Building	248	(1)
Encouraging Verbal Expression	249	(1)
Strategies for Fostering Language: Meaning Vocabulary	250	(12)
Introducing Words Before Reading	251	(2)
Practicing and Reinforcing Meaning Vocabulary	253	(4)
Using Strategies to Figure Out Unknown Words	257	(5)
Using Poetry to Develop Language	262	(1)
Summary	263	(2)
Improving Comprehension of Narrative Text	265	(28)
Introduction	266	(1)
General Features of Effective Reading Comprehension	266	(3)
The Purpose of Reading Is Comprehension	267	(1)
Comprehension Is an Active and Accurate Process	267	(1)
Comprehension Uses Background Knowledge	267	(1)
Comprehension Requires Higher-Level Thinking	268	(1)
Comprehending Narrative Materials	269	(1)
Narratives Inspire Imaginative Personal Responses	269	(1)
Narratives Have Story Organization	269	(1)
Assessing Abilities with Narrative Text	270	(3)
Measuring General Comprehension Ability	270	(1)
Judging the Comprehension of Specific Materials	271	(2)
Strategies for Improving Comprehension before Reading	273	(3)
Building Background Knowledge	273	(1)
Predicting and Semantic Impressions	274	(2)
Reading a Story to Students	276	(1)
Strategies for Improving Comprehension during Reading	276	(7)
The Directed Reading-Thinking Activity (DR-TA)	276	(3)
Using Post-It™ Notes to Monitor Responses to Reading	279	(1)
Making Mental Images	279	(2)
Constructing Content-Free Questions	281	(1)
Using Discussion Cards	282	(1)
Strategies for Improving Comprehension after Reading	283	(7)
Comprehension Strategies that Develop Story Structure	283	(4)
Comprehension Strategies that Nurture Personal Response	287	(3)
Connecting the Literary Experience	290	(1)
Conceptually Connected Instruction (Themes)	290	(1)
Studying Different Genres	291	(1)
Summary	291	(2)
Improving Comprehension of Informational Text	293	(27)
Introduction	294	(1)
Nature of Informational Text	294	(2)
Types of Informational Text	294	(1)
Difficulties Presented by Informational Text	295	(1)
Importance of Informational Text	295	(1)
Assessing Abilities with Informational Text	296	(2)
Focusing the Informal Reading Inventory on Informational Text	296	(1)
Assessing the Use of Background Knowledge	297	(1)
Assessing Comprehension Monitoring	297	(1)
Assessing Ability to Transform Text for Studying	298	(1)
Strategies for Helping Students Read Informational Text	298	(19)
Strategies for Combining Prior Knowledge with Informational Text	299	(6)
Strategies for Monitoring the Comprehension of Informational Text	305	(1)
Content-Free Questions	305	(8)
Question-Answer Relationships (QARs)	313	(1)
Strategies for Transforming Informational Text	314	(3)
Summary	317	(3)
Reading and Writing	320	(27)
Introduction	321	(1)
Importance of Teaching Writing	321	(1)
Assessing Writing	322	(1)
Writing Instruction	323	(5)
Writing Process	323	(3)
Supporting Students' Writing	326	(2)
Written Conversations and Personal Correspondence	328	(1)
Personal Journals	328	(1)
Strategies for Integrating Reading and Writing	329	(8)
Writing and Reading Narrative Text	330	(5)
Writing and Reading Informational Text	335	(2)
Writing with Poetry	337	(1)
Developing the Ability to Spell	338	(7)
Spelling Development	339	(2)
Spelling Assessment	341	(1)
Spelling Instruction	342	(3)
Handwriting	345	(1)
Summary	346	(1)
Literacy Instruction for Diverse Populations: English Language Learners, Adolescents, and Adults with Reading Problems	347	(17)
Introduction	348	(1)
Teaching in a Multicultural Society	348	(2)
Diverse Cultural Views about Reading	348	(1)
Teaching Children from Diverse Cultures	349	(1)
English Language Learners	350	(7)
About English Language Learners	352	(1)
Models for Teaching English Language Learners	353	(1)
Teaching Reading to English Language Learners	354	(1)
Strategies for Teaching Reading to ELL Students	354	(3)
Role of Parents in Fostering Literacy	357	(1)
You Read to Me, I'll Read to You Strategy	357	(1)
Parent Workshops	357	(1)
Adolescents with Reading Problems	358	(2)
Characteristics of Adolescents with Reading Problems	359	(1)
Special Considerations at the Secondary Level	359	(1)
Components of Effective Secondary Programs	360	(1)
Adults with Reading Problems	360	(2)
Postsecondary and College Programs	360	(1)
Needs of Adults with Reading Problems	361	(1)
Instructional Programs for Adults	361	(1)
Summary	362	(2)
Literacy Instruction for Students with Special Needs	364	(19)
Introduction	365	(1)
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004	365	(2)
Eligibility of Learning Disabilities	365	(1)
The Individualized Education Program (IEP)	366	(1)
Transition Services	367	(1)
Procedural Safeguards	367	(1)
Categories of Students with Disabilities	367	(1)
Learning Disabilities	367	(1)
Characteristics of Learning Disabilities	368	(1)
Educational Settings for Students with Learning Disabilities	368	(1)
Dyslexia: The Baffling Reading Disorder	368	(3)
Neurological Basis of Dyslexia	369	(2)
Genetics of Dyslexia	371	(1)
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	371	(2)
Characteristics of ADD	372	(1)
Eligibility of Children with ADD for Services	372	(1)
Behavior Problems of Students with ADD	372	(1)
Medication for Students with ADD	372	(1)
Other Students Who Are at Risk	373	(1)
Providing Reading Instruction for Students with Special Needs	373	(8)
Adapting Standard Reading Methods for Students with Severe Reading Disabilities	373	(4)
Differences in Learning Styles	377	(1)
Multisensory Methods for Teaching Reading	378	(2)
Lindamood Phoneme Sequencing Program (LIPS)	380	(1)
Direct Instruction Reading Program	380	(1)
Fast ForWord®	381	(1)
Summary	381	(2)
Collaborative Assessment and Instruction	383	(51)
Introduction	384	(1)
Changing Roles of Reading Specialists	384	(3)
Title I Programs	384	(1)
No Child Left Behind Act	385	(1)
Narrowing the Achievement Gap	386	(1)
Role of the Reading Specialist in Assessment	387	(2)
Evaluation of Student Performance	387	(1)
Individual Diagnostic Procedures	387	(2)
Role of the Reading Specialist in Instruction	389	(1)
Working with Classroom Teachers	389	(1)
Working with Other Professionals	389	(1)
Reading Specialists as Literacy Leaders	390	(9)
Providing Support for Teachers	390	(1)
Providing Support for Paraprofessionals	391	(1)
Serving as a Liaison between Teachers and Administrators	391	(2)
Serving on Student Services Teams	393	(1)
Serving on the Instructional Intervention Team	393	(4)
Working with Parents	397	(2)
Literacy Advocates in the Community	399	(1)
Summary	399	(2)
Appendixes
Appendix A: Frequently Used Tests	401	(21)
Appendix B: Publishers of Educational Resources	422	(4)
Appendix C: An Informal Reading Inventory	426	(1)
Appendix D: Reporting Information to Parents	427	(7)
References	434	(33)
Name Index	467	(7)
Subject Index	474	(9)
Test Index	483