Reality Through the Arts

by Sporre, Dennis J.

• ISBN13: 9780131958586
• ISBN10: 0131958585
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-03-21
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

This introductory exploration of basic artistic concepts and terms applies them to a skeletal multi-disciplinary and multi-cultural history of artistic styles. It treats all the artspainting, printmaking, photography, sculpture, music, theatre, dance, film, architecture, literatureuniformly, and uses a common outline to reinforce the relationship of terms and concepts to the perceptual process. The book also ties both artistic media and history to the theme of art as a reflection of human realityThis examination focuses on the media of the arts, pictures, sculpture, music, theatre, cinema, dance, architecture, literature, the styles of the arts, ancient approaches, artistic reflections in the pre-modern world, as well as artistic styles in the emerging modern world and, the beginnings of modernism, pluralism in a post-modern age.For art enthusiasts and others interested exploring how artists express themselves.

Table of Contents

Map	10	(3)
Preface	13	(1)
Faculty and Student Resources	14	(1)
Introduction	15	(1)
Using This Book	15	(2)
Organization	15	(1)
Pronouncing Names and Terms	16	(1)
The Companion Website and Accompanying Music CD	17	(1)
Putting This Study in Context	17	(8)
The Arts and Ways of Knowing	17	(2)
What Are Art's Main Concerns?	19	(1)
Creativity	19	(1)
Aesthetic Communication	19	(1)
Symbols	20	(1)
Fine and Applied Art	21	(1)
What Are Art's Purposes and Functions?	21	(1)
Purposes	21	(1)
Functions	21	(2)
How Should We Perceive and Respond?	23	(1)
How Do We Live with Art?	23	(2)
Applying Critical Skills	25	(5)
Types of Criticism	27	(1)
Formal Criticism	27	(1)
Contextual Criticism	28	(1)
Structuralism	28	(1)
Deconstruction	29	(1)
Making Judgments	29	(1)
Artisanship	29	(1)
Communication	30	(1)
Style	30	(6)
How Can We Analyze Style?	30	(3)
Style and Culture	33	(1)
How Does a Style Get its Name?	33	(3)
Thinking Critically	36	(1)
PART I: THE MEDIA OF THE ARTS
What Artists Use to Express ``Reality''	37	(1)
Two-Dimensional Art: Drawing, Painting, Printmaking, and Photography	38	(34)
Formal and Technical Qualities	39	(15)
Media	39	(1)
Drawing	39	(1)
Dry Media	39	(2)
Wet Media	41	(1)
Painting	41	(3)
Printmaking	44	(1)
Relief Printing	44	(1)
Intaglio	45	(2)
Planographic Processes	47	(1)
Photography	48	(1)
Photography and Art	48	(1)
Documentary Photography	49	(1)
Photographic Techniques	49	(5)
Profile: Pablo Picasso	54	(11)
Composition	54	(1)
Elements	54	(1)
Line	54	(4)
Form	58	(1)
Color	58	(1)
Mass	59	(1)
Texture	59	(2)
Principles	61	(1)
Repetition	61	(1)
Balance	61	(1)
Unity	61	(1)
Focal Areas	62	(1)
Other Factors	62	(1)
Perspective	62	(1)
Chiaroscuro	63	(1)
Content	63	(2)
Painting and Human Reality: Gericault, The Raft of the ``Medusa''	65	(1)
Sense Stimuli	66	(5)
Contrasts	66	(1)
Dynamics	67	(2)
Trompe l'oeil	69	(1)
Juxtaposition	69	(1)
Focus	69	(2)
Thinking Critically	71	(1)
Cyber Study	71	(1)
Sculpture	72	(16)
Formal and Technical Qualities	73	(7)
Dimensionality	73	(1)
Full-Round	73	(1)
Relief	74	(1)
Linear	75	(1)
Methods of Execution	75	(1)
Subtraction	75	(2)
Construction	77	(1)
Substitution	77	(1)
Manipulation	77	(1)
Composition	77	(1)
Elements	78	(2)
Sculpture and Human Reality: Michelangelo, David	80	(2)
Principles	81	(1)
Profile: Michelangelo	82	(2)
Other Factors	83	(1)
Articulation	83	(1)
Focal Area (Emphasis)	83	(1)
Ephemeral	83	(1)
Found	84	(1)
Sense Stimuli	84	(3)
Touch	84	(1)
Temperature and Age	84	(1)
Dynamics	85	(1)
Size	86	(1)
Lighting and Environment	87	(1)
Thinking Critically	87	(1)
Cyber Study	87	(1)
Architecture	88	(31)
Formal and Technical Qualities	89	(17)
Structure	89	(1)
Post-and-Lintel	89	(2)
Arch	91	(6)
Cantilever	97	(1)
Bearing-Wall	97	(2)
Skeleton Frame	99	(1)
Building Materials	99	(1)
Stone	99	(1)
Concrete	99	(1)
Wood	99	(1)
Steel	99	(1)
Line, Repetition, and Balance	99	(5)
Scale and Proportion	104	(1)
Context	105	(1)
Profile: Frank Lloyd Wright	106	(3)
Space	106	(2)
Climate	108	(1)
Architecture and Human Reality: Le Corbusier, Villa Savoye	109	(1)
Sense Stimuli	110	(8)
Controlled Vision and Symbolism	110	(2)
Style	112	(3)
Apparent Function	115	(1)
Dynamics	116	(1)
Scale	117	(1)
Thinking Critically	118	(1)
Cyber Study	118	(1)
Music and Opera	119	(16)
Formal and Technical Qualities	120	(6)
Forms	120	(1)
Mass	120	(1)
Cantata	120	(1)
Oratorio	120	(1)
Fugue	121	(1)
Symphony	121	(1)
Concerto	121	(1)
Composition	121	(1)
Sound	122	(1)
Pitch	122	(1)
Dynamics	122	(2)
Tone Color	124	(1)
Duration	124	(1)
Rhythm	124	(1)
Beat	124	(1)
Meter	124	(1)
Tempo	125	(1)
Melody	125	(1)
Harmony	125	(1)
Profile: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart	126	(1)
Tonality	127	(1)
Texture	127	(1)
Monophony	127	(1)
Polyphony	127	(1)
Homophony	127	(1)
Sense Stimuli	127	(2)
Our Primal Responses	127	(1)
The Musical Performance	128	(1)
Opera	129	(3)
Types of Opera	130	(1)
The Opera Production	130	(2)
Music and Human Reality: Bizet, Carmen	132	(2)
Thinking Critically	134	(1)
Cyber Study	134	(1)
Theatre	135	(19)
Formal and Technical Qualities	136	(13)
Genres	136	(1)
Tragedy	136	(1)
Comedy	137	(1)
Tragicomedy	137	(1)
Melodrama	137	(1)
Performance Art	137	(1)
The Production	138	(1)
Script	138	(1)
Plot	138	(1)
Exposition	139	(1)
Complication	139	(1)
Denouement	139	(1)
Foreshadowing	139	(1)
Discovery	139	(1)
Reversal	139	(1)
Character	140	(1)
Protagonist	140	(1)
Themes	140	(1)
Visual Elements	140	(1)
Theatre Types	140	(1)
Scene Design	141	(2)
Lighting Design	143	(1)
Costume Design	143	(2)
Properties	145	(1)
Aural Elements	145	(1)
Dynamics	145	(1)
Actors	145	(1)
Lifelikeness	146	(3)
Profile: William Shakespeare	149	(1)
Sense Stimuli	150	(1)
Theatre and Human Reality: David Rabe, Hurly-Burly	151	(2)
Thinking Critically	153	(1)
Cyber Study	153	(1)
Cinema	154	(13)
Formal and Technical Qualities	155	(3)
Classifications	155	(1)
Narrative	155	(1)
Documentary	156	(1)
Absolute (Avant-Garde)	156	(1)
The Production	156	(1)
Mise-en-scene	156	(1)
Director	157	(1)
Techniques	157	(1)
Editing	157	(1)
Camera Viewpoint	157	(2)
Cutting Within the Frame	159	(1)
Dissolves	159	(1)
Focus	160	(1)
Movement	160	(1)
Lighting	160
Cinema and Human Reality: Sergei Eisenstein, Battleship Potemkin	158	(3)
Profile: D. W. Griffith	161	(1)
Sense Stimuli	162	(4)
Crosscutting	162	(1)
Tension Build-up and Release	162	(1)
Direct Address	162	(1)
Magnitude and Convention	163	(1)
Structural Rhythm	164	(1)
Audio	165	(1)
Thinking Critically	166	(1)
Cyber Study	166	(1)
Dance	167	(13)
Formal and Technical Qualities	168	(8)
Forms	168	(1)
Ballet	168	(1)
Modern Dance	168	(1)
World Concert/Ritual Dance	168	(1)
Folk Dance	169	(1)
Jazz Dance	169	(1)
Choreography	169	(1)
Formalized Movement	169	(2)
Line, Form, and Repetition	171	(2)
Rhythm	173	(1)
Mime and Pantomime	174	(1)
Theme, Image, and Story Line	174	(1)
Music	174	(1)
Mise-en-Scene	174	(2)
Profile: Martha Graham	176	(1)
Lighting	176	(1)
Sense Stimuli	176	(1)
Dance and Human Reality: Martha Graham, Appalachian Spring	177	(2)
Moving Images	178	(1)
Force	178	(1)
Sign Language	178	(1)
Color	178	(1)
Thinking Critically	179	(1)
Cyber Study	179	(1)
Literature	180	(18)
Formal and Technical Qualities	181	(2)
Formal Divisions	181	(1)
Fiction	181	(1)
Novels	181	(1)
Short Stories	182	(1)
Literature and Human Reality: Alice Walker, ``Roselilly''	183	(8)
Poetry	186	(1)
Narrative	186	(1)
Dramatic	187	(1)
Lyric	187	(1)
Nonfiction	188	(1)
Biography	188	(1)
Essay	189	(1)
Drama	190	(1)
Profile: Toni Morrison	191	(4)
Technical Devices	191	(1)
Fiction	191	(1)
Point of View	191	(1)
Appearance and Reality	191	(1)
Tone	192	(1)
Character	192	(1)
Plot	192	(1)
Theme	192	(1)
Symbols	192	(1)
Poetry	193	(1)
Language	193	(1)
Structure	194	(1)
Sound Structures	194	(1)
Meter	194	(1)
Nonfiction	194	(1)
Facts	195	(1)
Anecdotes	195	(1)
Sense Stimuli	195	(1)
Pictures	195	(1)
Sounds	195	(1)
Emotions	195	(1)
Thinking Critically	196	(1)
Cyber Study	196	(1)
PART II: THE STYLES OF THE ARTS
How Artists Portray ``Reality''	197	(1)
Ancient Approaches c. 30,000 to c. 480 B.C.E.	198	(26)
The Context	199	(1)
The Stone Age	199	(1)
The Middle East	199	(1)
Asia	199	(1)
America	199	(1)
Europe	200	(1)
The Arts	200	(6)
The Stone Age	200	(2)
The Middle East	202	(1)
Sumerian Art	202	(4)
Masterworks: The Tell Asmar Statues	206	(7)
Assyrian Art	207	(1)
Egyptian Art	207	(6)
Profile: Nefertiti	213	(10)
Hebrew Art	216	(2)
Asia	218	(1)
America	218	(1)
Europe	219	(4)
Thinking Critically	223	(1)
Cyber Study	223	(1)
Artistic Reflections in the Pre-Modern World c. 480 B.C.E. to c. 1400 C.E.	224	(47)
The Context	225	(3)
Europe	225	(1)
Greece	225	(1)
Rome	225	(1)
The Middle Ages	225	(1)
The Middle East	226	(1)
Byzantium	226	(1)
Islam	226	(1)
Asia	226	(1)
China	226	(1)
India	227	(1)
Japan	227	(1)
Africa	227	(1)
America	227	(1)
The Arts	228	(2)
Europe	228	(1)
Greek Classicism and Hellenism	228	(2)
Masterworks: Myron, Discus Thrower	230	(13)
Classicism	228	(1)
Sculpture	228	(3)
Theatre	231	(2)
Architecture	233	(1)
Literature	234	(1)
Hellenistic Style	235	(1)
Imperial Roman Classicism	235	(1)
Sculpture	235	(1)
Literature	236	(4)
Architecture	240	(2)
Medieval Music	242	(1)
Profile: Hildegard of Bingen	243	(27)
Romanesque Style	243	(2)
Medieval Literature	245	(2)
Gothic Style	247	(1)
Two-Dimensional Art	247	(1)
Architecture	248	(2)
Sculpture	250	(2)
Medieval Theatre	252	(1)
The Middle East	252	(1)
Byzantine Style	252	(1)
Architecture	253	(3)
Mosaics and Ivories	256	(1)
Islamic Art	257	(1)
Two-Dimensional Art	257	(1)
Literature	257	(3)
Islamic Style in Architecture	260	(1)
Asia	260	(1)
Chinese Art	260	(1)
Sculpture	260	(1)
Architecture	261	(1)
Painting	262	(2)
Japanese Art	264	(1)
Architecture	264	(1)
Painting and Sculpture	264	(2)
Theatre and Literature	266	(1)
Africa	266	(1)
Nok Style	266	(1)
Igbo-Ukwu Style	266	(1)
Ife Style	267	(1)
Djenne Style	267	(1)
America	268	(2)
Thinking Critically	270	(1)
Cyber Study	270	(1)
Artistic Styles in the Emerging Modern World c. 1400 to c. 1800	271	(50)
The Context	272	(3)
Europe	272	(1)
The Renaissance	272	(1)
The Reformation and Counter-Reformation	273	(1)
The Enlightenment	273	(1)
Asia	273	(1)
Africa	274	(1)
America	274	(1)
The Arts	275	(16)
Europe	275	(1)
The Early Renaissance	275	(1)
Painting	275	(1)
Sculpture	276	(2)
Literature	278	(2)
Architecture	280	(2)
The High Renaissance	282	(1)
Leonardo da Vinci	283	(1)
Michelangelo	283	(1)
Papal Splendor: The Vatican	284	(2)
Raphael	286	(1)
The High Renaissance in Venice	286	(2)
Northern Europe	288	(1)
Two-Dimensional Art	288	(2)
Theatre	290	(2)
Music	292
Masterworks: William Shakespeare, Hamlet	291	(8)
Baroque Style	293	(1)
Painting	294	(3)
Sculpture	297	(1)
Architecture	297	(1)
Music	298	(2)
Literature	300
Profile: Johann Sebastian Bach	299	(6)
The Enlightenment	301	(1)
Rococo Style	301	(1)
The English School	302	(2)
Genre	304	(1)
Neoclassical Painting	304	(2)
Neoclassical Architecture	306	(1)
Neoclassical Music	306	(2)
Literature	308
Masterworks: Jacques-Louis David, The Oath of the Horatii	305	(15)
Asia	312	(1)
Chinese Art	312	(1)
Ming Sculpture and Ceramics	312	(1)
Indian Art	312	(1)
Rajput Style	313	(1)
Punjab Style	313	(1)
Muslim and Hindu Architecture	313	(1)
Japanese Art	314	(1)
Painting Style	314	(1)
Imari Porcelain	315	(1)
Kabuki Theatre	316	(1)
Africa	316	(1)
Benin Style	316	(1)
America	317	(1)
Aztec Art	317	(1)
Incan Art	317	(3)
Thinking Critically	320	(1)
Cyber Study	320	(1)
Artistry in an Age of Industry c. 1800 to c. 1900	321	(39)
The Context	322	(1)
Europe	322	(1)
Asia	322	(1)
Africa	323	(1)
America	323	(1)
The Arts	323	(3)
Europe	323	(1)
Romanticism	323	(3)
Profile: Rosa Bonheur	326	(3)
Masterworks: Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice	329	(3)
Profile: Johannes Brahms	332	(27)
Painting	324	(1)
Literature	325	(3)
Music	328	(7)
Theatre	335	(1)
Ballet	336	(2)
Architecture	338	(1)
Realism	339	(1)
Painting	339	(2)
Theatre and Literature	341	(1)
Impressionism	342	(1)
Painting	343	(3)
Sculpture	346	(1)
Music	346	(1)
Literature	346	(1)
Post-Impressionism	347	(1)
Seurat	347	(1)
Cezanne	347	(2)
Gauguin	349	(1)
Van Gogh	349	(1)
Art Nouveau	350	(1)
Asia	351	(1)
Africa	352	(2)
America	354	(1)
American Indian Art	354	(3)
African American Music	357	(2)
Thinking Critically	359	(1)
Cyber Study	359	(1)
The Arts in a Modern, Postmodern, and Pluralistic World 1900 to the Present	360	(44)
The Context	361	(2)
Modernism	361	(1)
Postmodernism	361	(1)
Pluralism	362	(1)
History	362	(1)
The Arts	363	(16)
Modern Directions	363	(1)
Expressionism	363	(2)
Fauvism	365	(1)
Cubism	365	(2)
Futurism and Mechanism	367	(2)
Dada	369	(1)
Abstraction	369	(2)
Surrealism	371	(1)
Absurdism	371	(1)
Realism	372	(1)
Abstract Expressionism	373	(2)
Pop Art	375	(1)
Hard Edge	376	(1)
Environmental Art	376	(1)
Architectural Modernism	376	(3)
Masterworks: Frank Lloyd Wright, Kaufmann House	379	(10)
Modernism in Music	381	(1)
Hindemith	381	(1)
Bartok	382	(1)
Stravinsky	382	(1)
Schoenberg	382	(1)
Ives and Copland	382	(1)
Modern Dance	383	(1)
Duncan	383	(1)
Denishawn	383	(1)
Graham	383	(1)
Cunningham	383	(1)
Later Developments	384	(1)
Literary Modernism	384	(1)
Postmodern Directions	384	(1)
Neoabstraction	384	(1)
``New'' Realism	385	(1)
Feminist Art	386	(1)
Postmodern Architecture	387	(1)
Postmodern Music	388	(1)
Minimalism	388	(1)
Experimentation	388	(2)
Improvisation and Musique Actuelle	390	(1)
Sound Liberation	390
Profile: Richard Danielpour	389	(14)
Postmodern Literature	390	(1)
Concrete Poetry	391	(1)
Magic Realism	391	(1)
Confessionalists	391	(1)
Pluralism	392	(1)
African American Art	392	(1)
Harlem Renaissance	392	(2)
Jazz	394	(2)
American Indian Art	396	(1)
Ceramics and Painting	397	(2)
Latino Art	399	(4)
Thinking Critically	403	(1)
Cyber Study	403	(1)
Notes	404	(2)
Glossary	406	(11)
Bibliography	417	(3)
Index	420	(10)
Credits	430	(2)
Selections from ``Music for the Humanities''	432