The aim of this monograph is to bring together in a single volume the results of many years of research into production technology of early vitreous materials.The vitreous materials considered are glazed steatite, faience, Egyptian blue and green frits, and glazed pottery and bricks from Egypt, the Near East, the Indus Valley and Europe spanning the period from their beginnings in the 5th millennium BC through to the Roman period.For each group of material, the emphasis is on presenting the available analytical and microstructural data which are then interpreted to provide information on the raw materials and methods of fabrication employed in their production. Where appropriate, the raw materials used in the production of these materials are compared with those used in the production of contemporary glass.By bringing together data for such a wide range of materials, geographical regions and chronological periods, similarities and differences in production technology are identified, and the pattern of technological discovery, adoption, choice and transfer is thus revealed.

List of figures	p. 11
List of tables	p. 13
Preface	p. 15
Introduction	p. 17
Experimental procedures	p. 19
Terminology	p. 21
Outline of monograph contents	p. 22
Glazed Steatite	p. 23
Egypt	p. 23
Historical overview	p. 23
Methods of glazing and raw materials	p. 24
Near East	p. 29
Indus Valley	p. 30
Historical overview	p. 30
Methods of glazing and raw materials	p. 31
Steatite "faience"	p. 34
Discussion	p. 35
Raw Materials and Fabrication Methods Used in the Production of Faience	p. 37
Raw materials	p. 37
Quartz	p. 37
Alkali flux	p. 38
Lime	p. 43
Colorants	p. 43
Provenance studies	p. 45
Forming methods	p. 46
Glazing methods	p. 47
Macroscopic evidence	p. 49
Microstructural evidence	p. 49
Composition profiles	p. 51
Summary	p. 54
Methods of decoration	p. 54
Faience variants	p. 55
Faience Production in Egypt	p. 57
Historical overview	p. 58
Raw materials	p. 60
Quartz	p. 60
Alkali flux	p. 66
Colorants	p. 72
Microstructures and glazing methods	p. 79
Copper colorant	p. 80
Cobalt colorant	p. 85
Particulate colorants	p. 86
Discussion	p. 90
Faience Production in the Near East and the Indus Valley	p. 93
Near East	p. 93
Historical overview	p. 94
Raw materials - quartz	p. 95
Raw materials - alkali flux	p. 95
Raw materials - colorants	p. 97
Glazing methods	p. 102
Indus Valley	p. 104
Harappan faience	p. 104
Nausharo faience	p. 107
Faience Production in the Eastern Mediterranean	p. 111
Crete and the Greek mainland	p. 111
Historical overview	p. 111
Minoan faience	p. 112
Mycenaean faience	p. 121
Cyprus	p. 125
Chalcolithic period faience	p. 125
Bronze Age faience	p. 126
Rhodes and the Archaic period	p. 127
Faience Production in Northern and Western Europe	p. 129
Russia, Slovakia, Poland and Britain	p. 129
Russia	p. 129
Slovakia	p. 132
Poland	p. 134
Britain	p. 135
Italy, France and Switzerland	p. 136
Early Bronze Age (2100-1700/1650 BC) and Middle Bronze Age 1-2 (1700/1650-1450 BC)	p. 138
Middle Bronze Age 3 and Recent Bronze Age (1450-1200 BC)	p. 140
Final Bronze Age (1200-900 BC)	p. 141
Iron Age (900-450 BC)	p. 144
Discussion	p. 145
Production of Egyptian Blue and Green Frits	p. 147
Historical overview	p. 148
Production of Egyptian blue and green frits	p. 150
Egyptian blue frit	p. 150
Egyptian green frit	p. 153
Colour parameters	p. 153
Egyptian blue and green frits from Egypt	p. 154
Microstructures	p. 155
Chemical compositions and raw materials	p. 158
Production centres for Egyptian blue and green frits	p. 168
Egyptian blue frit from the Near East	p. 168
Microstructures	p. 170
Chemical compositions and raw materials	p. 171
Egyptian blue frits from the Aegean	p. 172
Microstructures	p. 174
Chemical compositions and raw materials	p. 175
Egyptian blue frits from the Roman Empire	p. 176
Microstructures	p. 178
Chemical compositions and raw materials	p. 179
Production centres for Egyptian blue frits	p. 184
Production of Glazed Pottery and Brickwork in the Near East	p. 187
Historical overview	p. 188
Beginnings of glazed clay ceramics	p. 189
Neo-Assyrian - Achaemenid period	p. 193
Glazed clay ceramics	p. 194
Glazed quartz-based ceramics	p. 194
Seleucid-Sassanian period	p. 196
Conclusions and Future Research	p. 199
Technological choices	p. 200
Quartz	p. 201
Alkali flux	p. 204
Colorants	p. 205
Glazing methods	p. 207
Independent invention, technological transfer and trade	p. 208
Egypt, the Near East and the Indus Valley	p. 208
Minoan Crete and the Mycenaean mainland	p. 210
Northern and western Europe	p. 211
Future work	p. 212
Strontium, Oxygen and Neodymium Isotope Analysis of Ancient Glass	p. 215
Strontium isotopes	p. 215
Oxygen isotopes	p. 216
Neodymium isotopes	p. 217
Summary	p. 218
References	p. 219
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Production Technology of Faience and Related Early Vitreous Materials

9781905905126

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