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Introduction to Nanoporous Gold | p. 1 |
Nanoporous Gold | p. 1 |
Gold-Some Facts | p. 3 |
What Makes 'Nano' Special? | p. 5 |
Acknowledgments | p. 9 |
References | p. 9 |
Fundamental Physics and Chemistry of Nanoporosity Evolution During Dealloying | p. 11 |
Introduction | p. 11 |
Context-Pattern-Formating Instabilities and Nanostructure Fabrication | p. 11 |
Basic Phenomenology-Parting Limit and Critical Potential | p. 14 |
Short History of Theoretical Approaches for NPG Morphology Evolution | p. 16 |
Structural Considerations | p. 18 |
Percolation Basics | p. 18 |
Percolation Applied to Nanoporous Gold: The Parting Limit | p. 19 |
Thermodynamic Origins of the Critical Potential | p. 20 |
Kinetic of Porosity Evolution | p. 22 |
KMC Simulations | p. 22 |
Working Model for Porosity Evolution | p. 22 |
Rate-Limiting Behavior | p. 24 |
Analytical Models for Porosity Evolution | p. 25 |
Nanoporous Gold Throughout History | p. 26 |
Pre-Columbian Metallurgy | p. 26 |
Parting limits and Leonardo da Vinci | p. 27 |
Origins of Modern Dealloying Theory | p. 27 |
Summary | p. 27 |
Acknowledgement | p. 27 |
References | p. 28 |
Mechanistic Studies of Initial Dealloying | p. 30 |
Introduction | p. 30 |
Sample Preparation, Experimental Techniques, and Simulation | p. 31 |
Preparation of Cu3Au (111) Surfaces | p. 31 |
Main Experimental Techniques | p. 33 |
Earlier Mechanistic Studies on Initial Dealloying | p. 35 |
Initial Dealloying of Cu3Au (111) | p. 36 |
Clean Cu3Au (111) Starting Surface | p. 37 |
Low and Medium Overpotential Regime | p. 37 |
Higher Overpotential Regime and Critical Potential | p. 42 |
Influence of Halide Additives | p. 43 |
Thiol-Modified Surfaces and Microstructuring | p. 44 |
Further Work and Perspectives | p. 48 |
Summary | p. 48 |
References | p. 48 |
Mechanical Properties of Nanoporous Gold | p. 51 |
Introduction | p. 51 |
Elastic-Plastic Deformation Behaviour | p. 52 |
Scaling Equations for Mechanical Properties | p. 52 |
Compression Tests | p. 53 |
Tensile Testing | p. 59 |
Fracture Behavior | p. 61 |
Modeling and Simulation Studies | p. 64 |
Summary | p. 65 |
Acknowledgments | p. 65 |
References | p. 66 |
Microfabrication of Nanoporous Gold | p. 69 |
Introduction | p. 69 |
Challenges in Fabrication of NPG Thin Films | p. 71 |
Dealloying by Free Corrosion | p. 73 |
Dealloying by Using Electrochemical Cells | p. 76 |
Potentiostatic Dealloying | p. 78 |
Galvanostatic Dealloying | p. 79 |
Fabrication of Micropatterned NPG Features | p. 86 |
Incorporation of Thin Film | p. 87 |
Fabrication of Microscale Structures | p. 88 |
Acknowledgments | p. 94 |
References | p. 94 |
Opticals Properties and Applications of Nanoporous Metals | p. 97 |
Introduction | p. 97 |
Theoretical Consideration: Opticals Properties of Metal Nanostructures | p. 99 |
Microstructure and Optical Properties of Nanoporous Metals | p. 102 |
Applications of Plasmonic Nanoporous Metals | p. 110 |
Biosensing with Plasmonic Nanosensors | p. 110 |
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering | p. 111 |
Nanoporous Plasmon-Enhanced Fluorescence | p. 126 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 129 |
References | p. 129 |
Actuation with High-Surface-Area Materials | p. 137 |
Introduction | p. 137 |
Actuation Driven by Capillary Forces | p. 138 |
General Phenomenology | p. 138 |
Description of Actuation in a Continuum Picture | p. 139 |
Surface-Stress-Induced Actuation: Experimental Characterization | p. 142 |
Structure | p. 143 |
Nanoporous Metals | p. 143 |
Carbon Nanomaterials | p. 145 |
Actuation | p. 148 |
Electrochemical Actuation with Nanoporous Metals | p. 148 |
Chemical Actuation with Nanoporous Metals | p. 153 |
Electrochemical Actuation with Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene | p. 154 |
Electrochemical Actuation with CA | p. 155 |
Two Important Characteristics | p. 159 |
Response Time | p. 159 |
Work Density | p. 159 |
References | p. 163 |
Surface Chemistry and Catalysis | p. 167 |
Introduction | p. 167 |
Surface Chemistry of Au | p. 170 |
Interaction of Au with Oxygen | p. 171 |
Interaction of Au with CO | p. 173 |
Alcohol Oxidation | p. 174 |
Gas-Phase Catalysis over Nanoporous Gold | p. 176 |
CO Oxidation | p. 176 |
Oxidation of Alcohols | p. 180 |
Liquid-Phase Catalysis | p. 184 |
Aerobic Oxidation of D-Glucose | p. 184 |
Oxidation of Silanes | p. 186 |
Surface Modification of Nanoporous Gold by Metal Oxides | p. 187 |
Gas-Phase Deposition: ALD-Modified Nanoporous Gold | p. 188 |
Liquid-Phase Deposition | p. 190 |
Summary and Remarks | p. 192 |
Acknowledgments | p. 193 |
References | p. 193 |
Electrocatalytical Properties of Nanoporous Gold | p. 199 |
Introduction | p. 199 |
Applications of NPG in Electrocatalysis | p. 200 |
Hydrogen Fuel Cells | p. 201 |
Electrochemical Oxidation of Methanol | p. 204 |
Electrochemical Oxidation of Formic Acid | p. 209 |
Electrochemical Oxidation of Glucose | p. 211 |
Applications of NPG in Electrochemical Sensors | p. 213 |
Non-enzymatic Sensors | p. 213 |
Enzyme-Based Sensors | p. 214 |
Immunosensors | p. 216 |
Environmental Monitoring | p. 217 |
Future Outlook | p. 220 |
Acknowledgments | p. 221 |
References | p. 221 |
Nanoporous Gold in Sensor Applications | p. 224 |
Introduction | p. 224 |
Enzyme-Immobilized NPG Electrochemical Biosensors | p. 225 |
Enzyme-Modified NPG Glucose Sensor | p. 226 |
Cytochrome C Encapsulated NPG Electrode for H2O2 Sensing | p. 226 |
Non-enzymatic NPG-Based Sensors for Physiologic Important Species | p. 227 |
Naked NPG Glucose Sensors | p. 227 |
Pt-Decorated NPG Glucose Sensors | p. 229 |
Gold-Decorated Nanoporous Copper Core-Shell Composite Glucose Sensors | p. 230 |
Pt-NPG Sensor for Escherichia coli (E. coli) | p. 231 |
NPG Sensor for Dopamine in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid | p. 233 |
NPG Immunosensor for Detection of Cancer Biomarker | p. 234 |
NPG-Based DNA Sensors | p. 235 |
NPG-Based DNA Sensors with [Ru(NH3)6]3+ Transducer | p. 235 |
NPG-Based DNA Sensor with PbS Nanoparticle Transducer Using Anodic Stripping Voltammetry | p. 238 |
NPG-Based DNA Sensor with Electrochemiluminescence of CdTe Quantum Dots | p. 238 |
NPG Sensors for Nitrogen-Containing Compounds | p. 242 |
NPG Sensor for Detection of p-Nitrophenol | p. 242 |
NPG Sensor for Amperometric Determination of Nitrite | p. 243 |
NPG as Promising Substrates for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering | p. 243 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 244 |
References | p. 245 |
Subject Index | p. 248 |
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