Name: Ophthalmology for the Veterinary Practitioner
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ISBN: 9783899930115

Authors	p. X
Abbreviations	p. XI
Origin of Plates and Figures	p. XII
Introduction	p. 1
Clinical and Differential Diagnostic Procedures
Description of the patient	p. 5
Patient history	p. 5
Animal handling, equipment, and instruments	p. 8
Restraint and sedation	p. 8
Materials and instruments	p. 8
Examination of the eye and its adnexa	p. 8
Head, skull, and orbital area	p. 8
Tear film and tear production	p. 9
Ocular discharge	p. 10
Eyelids (palpebrae)	p. 10
Conjunctiva	p. 11
Globe (bulbus)	p. 12
Sclera	p. 13
Cornea	p. 13
Anterior and posterior chambers	p. 13
Pupil and ins	p. 14
Lens	p. 14
Vitreous	p. 14
Fundus	p. 14
Additional and specific examinations	p. 15
Differential diagnosis	p. 16
Introduction	p. 16
The "red" eye	p. 16
Epiphora without distinct blepharospasm	p. 16
Blepharospastic / painful eye (Schirmer tear test not decreased)	p. 16
Protrusion of the nictitating membrane with enophthalmos	p. 16
Exophthalmos	p. 16
The "blue-white" cornea	p. 17
The "pigmented" eye	p. 17
The "blind" eye	p. 17
Diagnostics and Therapeutics for Eye Diseases
Introduction	p. 19
Into the conjunctival sac	p. 19
Subconjunctival	p. 21
Retrobulbar	p. 21
Intraocular	p. 21
General rules	p. 22
Ocular therapeutic agents	p. 22
Vasoconstrictors	p. 22
Antihistamines (nowadays mostly replaced by corticosteroids)	p. 22
Antiglaucoma agents	p. 23
Miotics. Facilitating drainage of aqueous	p. 23
Moderating production of aqueous: carbonic anhydrase inhibitors	p. 23
Osmotic agents	p. 23
Other agents used to reduce ocular pressure	p. 23
Mydriatics	p. 23
Antimicrobial agents	p. 24
"Initial choice" antibacterials	p. 24
Antimycotics	p. 25
Antiviral drugs: DNA-synthesis inhibitors	p. 25
Corticosteroids	p. 25
Topical, into the conjunctival sac	p. 25
Subconjunctival	p. 25
Oral	p. 25
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	p. 25
Prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors	p. 25
Local anesthetics	p. 26
Vitamins, epithelializing agents, and neutral agents	p. 26
Collyria	p. 26
Other "drugs" for ocular use	p. 26
Diagnostic agents	p. 26
Chemical cauterizing agents	p. 27
(Discharge-)dissolving agents	p. 27
Anti-hypertensive agents (in secondary retinopathy)	p. 27
Other drugs used on the eye	p. 27
Radiation	p. 27
Protective devices	p. 27
Surgical possibilities	p. 27
Anesthesia	p. 27
Preparation of the operative field	p. 28
Positioning on the operating table	p. 28
Draping	p. 28
Magnification equipment	p. 28
Surgical equipment	p. 28
Suture material	p. 28
Hemostasis	p. 29
Cryosurgery	p. 29
Laser techniques	p. 29
Ocular Emergencies 7
Introduction	p. 31
Luxation or proptosis of the globe	p. 31
Chemical burns	p. 34
Blunt trauma	p. 34
Orbital fractures	p. 34
Contusion of the globe	p. 35
Suffusion (hyposphagma)	p. 35
Traumatic corneal edema	p. 35
Hyphema	p. 35
Trauma with deeper penetration	p. 36
Penetrating or perforating trauma	p. 37
Lid lacerations and conjunctival sac wounds	p. 37
Lacerations of the lid edge including the lacrimal canaculus	p. 39
Lacerations with loss of tissue	p. 39
Conjunctival lacerations	p. 39
Corneal lacerations	p. 40
General rules of treatment	p. 40
Non-perforating corneal wounds	p. 40
Perforating corneal defects	p. 43
Orbital and Periorbital Structures
Introduction	p. 47
Congenital abnormalities	p. 48
Trauma	p. 48
Enophthalmos	p. 48
Enophthalmos due to loss of support	p. 48
Enophthalmos due to Horner's syndrome	p. 49
Exophthalmos	p. 49
Exophthalmos due to swelling of the temporal muscles	p. 50
Exophthalmos due to retrobulbar processes	p. 50
Enucleation of the globe including the conjunctiva	p. 53
Evisceration of the globe	p. 56
Enucleation of the globe	p. 56
Exenteration of the orbit	p. 56
Orbitotomy	p. 56
Lacrimal Apparatus
Introduction	p. 59
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)	p. 61
(Sialo)dacryoadenitis	p. 64
Tear stripe formation	p. 65
Micropunctum or stenosis of the lacrimal punctum	p. 65
Atresia and secondary closure of the punctum	p. 66
Dacryocystitis	p. 67
Lacerations	p. 70
Cysts and neoplasia	p. 70
Eyelids
Introduction	p. 73
Ankyloblepharon	p. 74
Aplasia palpebrae	p. 74
Dermoids/dysplasia of the lid	p. 76
Distichiasis	p. 76
Entropion	p. 78
Entropion in sheep and horses	p. 86
Ectropion and/or oversized palpebral fissure (macroblepharon) (Ect/OPF)	p. 86
Shortening of the lower palpebral conjunctiva	p. 87
V-Y Method	p. 87
Simple wedge resection	p. 87
Kuhnt-Szymanowski method, Blaskovic's modification	p. 87
Kuhnt-Szymanowski method	p. 87
Z-plasty / free transplants	p. 88
Total fissure shortening methods	p. 88
Trichiasis	p. 89
Nasal fold trichiasis	p. 89
Removal of nasal folds	p. 89
Medial canthoplasty	p. 90
Upper eyelid trichiasis	p. 90
Caruncle trichiasis and trichiasis in other locations	p. 91
Blepharophimosis	p. 94
Oversized / overlong palpebral fissure	p. 94
Injuries	p. 94
Ptosis	p. 94
Lagophthalmos	p. 95
Medial canthoplasty	p. 95
Lateral canthoplasty	p. 95
Blepharitis	p. 95
Non-specific blepharitis	p. 95
Chronic blepharitis	p. 95
Specific blepharitis	p. 96
Chalazion / hordeolum	p. 96
Blepharitis adenomatosa (meibomianitis)	p. 96
Juxtapalpebral defects/ granulomatous changes	p. 96
Eosinophilic granuloma	p. 96
Blepharitis in birds	p. 99
Blepharitis in horses	p. 99
Neoplasia of the eyelids	p. 99
Sarcoids in horses	p. 103
Conjunctiva and Nictitating Membrane
Introduction	p. 105
Non-pigmented margin of the nictitating membrane	p. 106
Dermoid	p. 106
Ectopic cilia	p. 106
Protrusion of the nictitating membrane	p. 107
Cysts	p. 108
Eversion/inversion of the nictitating membrane	p. 108
Hyperplasia/hypertrophy of the gland of the nictitating membrane ("cherry eye")	p. 110
Subconjunctival hemorrhages	p. 113
Injuries	p. 113
Conjunctivitis	p. 113
Catarrhal (or serous) conjunctivitis	p. 114
Purulent conjunctivitis	p. 114
Follicular conjunctivitis	p. 116
Plasmacellular conjunctivitis	p. 116
Papillary / nodular / granulomatous conjunctivitis	p. 117
Conjunctivitis neonatorum	p. 117
Infectious bovine / ovine keratoconjunctivitis (pinkeye)	p. 118
Eosinophilic granuloma	p. 119
Allergic conjunctivitis	p. 119
Conjunctival adhesions	p. 119
Symblepharon	p. 119
Conjunctival stricture in the rabbit	p. 120
Neoplasia of the conjunctiva	p. 122
Globe
Introduction	p. 125
Exophthalmos, enophthalmos	p. 125
Pseudo-exophthalmos / pseudoenophthalmos	p. 125
Setting sun phenomenon	p. 126
Strabismus	p. 126
Nystagmus	p. 126
Anophthalmia, cyclopia, microphthalmia	p. 127
Phthisis bulbi	p. 127
Macrophthalmia	p. 128
Buphthalmos/hydrophthalmia	p. 128
Endophthalmitis, panophthalmitis	p. 128
Cornea and Sclera
Introduction	p. 129
Symptoms of corneal disease	p. 129
Localization and causes of corneal abnormalities	p. 132
Corneal regeneration	p. 132
Retardation of healing	p. 133
Microcornea	p. 133
Persistent pupillary membrane (PPM)	p. 133
Dermoid	p. 133
Trauma	p. 134
Keratitis	p. 134
Superficial keratitis (without ulceration)	p. 134
Chronic superficial keratitis (Uberreiter) / pannus / keratitis pannosa / photoallergic keratitis /vascular and pigmentary keratitis / German Shepherd dog keratitis	p. 135
Eosinophilic keratitis	p. 136
Deep or interstitial keratitis or keratitis profunda (without defects)	p. 136
Ulcerative keratitis	p. 137
Superficial ulcers	p. 137
Deep ulcers	p. 140
Hernia of Descemet's membrane (descemetocele)	p. 140
Corneal perforation (staphyloma)	p. 142
Nictitating membrane, conjunctival, and corneal oversuturing techniques	p. 142
Corneal sequestration/cornea nigrum/corneal necrosis / corneal mummification	p. 147
Keratitis punctata	p. 149
Keratitis herpetica	p. 150
Infectious bovine / ovine keratoconjunctivitis	p. 150
Corneal cysts	p. 150
Corneal abscess	p. 150
Dystrophic / degenerative deposits in the cornea	p. 151
Corneal dystrophies	p. 151
Epithelial / stromal dystrophy	p. 151
Endothelial dystrophy or senile endothelial degeneration	p. 152
Local degenerative crystal deposits	p. 153
Deposits resulting from systemic diseases	p. 153
Corneal edema in the Manx cat	p. 153
Mucopolysaccharidosis	p. 154
GM1 and GM2 ganghosidosis	p. 154
(Epi)scleritis	p. 154
Neoplasms	p. 155
Intraocular Pressure and Glaucoma
Introduction	p. 157
Glaucoma	p. 159
Etiology	p. 159
Primary glaucoma	p. 159
Secondary glaucoma	p. 160
Absolute glaucoma	p. 160
Irido-corneal angle abnormalities	p. 161
Open irido-corneal angle glaucoma	p. 161
Narrowed or closed irido-corneal angle glaucoma	p. 161
Conditions of the drainage angle	p. 161
Open pectinate ligament glaucoma	p. 161
Primary morphologically abnormal pectinate ligament	p. 161
Length of time of development and progression of glaucoma	p. 161
Acute glaucoma	p. 161
Chronic glaucoma	p. 162
Hydrophthalmia or buphthalmos	p. 162
Clinical aspects of glaucoma	p. 162
Acute glaucoma	p. 162
Chronic glaucoma	p. 164
Therapeutic possibilities in glaucoma	p. 165
Secondary glaucoma	p. 168
Secondary glaucoma associated with the lens or vitreous	p. 168
Dislocation of the lens	p. 168
Lens proteins	p. 168
Cataract	p. 168
Secondary glaucoma associated with uveal changes	p. 168
Uveitis	p. 168
Iris atrophy/iridoschisis	p. 168
Secondary glaucoma associated with trauma	p. 169
Secondary glaucoma associated with intraocular neoplasia	p. 169
Secondary glaucoma associated with medication	p. 169
Secondary glaucoma associated with ocular surgery	p. 169
Extracapsular lens extraction	p. 169
Intracapsular lens extraction	p. 169
Phthisis bulbi	p. 169
Uvea
Introduction	p. 171
Iris	p. 171
Ciliary body	p. 172
Choroid	p. 173
Persistent (epi)pupillary membrane	p. 173
Coloboma	p. 174
Acorea/ aniridia	p. 175
Heterochromia of the iris	p. 175
Blue iris/white coat	p. 175
Oculocutaneous albinism and deafness	p. 175
Partial oculocutaneous albinism	p. 175
Acquired color differences in the iris	p. 175
Iris cysts	p. 176
Hyphema	p. 176
Dysplastic abnormalities	p. 176
Trauma	p. 176
Leaking of vessels	p. 176
Coagulation disorders	p. 176
Uveitis	p. 177
Neoplasms	p. 177
Uveitis (anterior)	p. 177
Traumatic uveitis	p. 179
Metabolic uveitis	p. 179
Infections	p. 179
Viral	p. 179
Rickettsia	p. 180
Bacterial	p. 180
Mycotic	p. 180
Algae	p. 180
Protozoa	p. 180
Parasites	p. 180
Immune reactions	p. 180
Uveo-dermatologic syndrome (UDS)	p. 181
Lupus erythematosus (LE)	p. 181
Idiopathic uveitis	p. 181
Pseudo-uveitis caused by neoplasia	p. 181
Equine recurrent (chronic) uveitis (ERU)	p. 182
Anterior uveitis in the rabbit	p. 183
Iris atrophy	p. 183
Dysautonomia or pupil dilatation syndrome (Key-Gaskell Syndrome)	p. 184
Horner's syndrome	p. 184
Other pupillary abnormalities	p. 184
Neoplasia	p. 184
Posterior Uvea	p. 186
Lens and Vitreous
Introduction	p. 189
Ontogenesis	p. 189
Anatomy and physiology	p. 190
Vitreous	p. 191
Developmental disorders of the lens	p. 192
Aphakia / coloboma /spherophakia / microphakia/lenticonus/lentiglobus	p. 192
Persistent hyaloid artery (PHA)	p. 192
Persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis/persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHTVL/PHPV)	p. 193
Cataract	p. 193
Types of cataract	p. 196
Secondary cataract	p. 197
Diabetic cataract	p. 197
Therapeutic possibilities	p. 197
Prevention of cataract	p. 201
Lens luxation or ectopic lens	p. 201
Vitreous floaters, asteroid hyalosis, and synchysis scintillans	p. 206
Vitreous floaters	p. 206
Asteroid hyalosis	p. 206
Synchysis scintillans	p. 206
Hemorrhages and/or exudates in the vitreous	p. 206
Blood	p. 206
Hemorrhagic or other exudate in the vitreous	p. 207
Retinal detachment and intraocular neoplasms	p. 207
Fundus and Optic nerve
Introduction	p. 209
Ontogenesis	p. 209
Retina	p. 209
Optic nerve or tract	p. 211
Vascular supply	p. 213
Choroid (vascular membranes)	p. 214
Symptoms, pathologic changes, and reaction patterns of the fundus	p. 214
Aplasia	p. 218
Micropapilla and hypoplastic papilla	p. 218
Coloboma	p. 218
Retinal dysplasia (RD)	p. 219
Collie eye anomaly (CEA)	p. 219
Inherited enzyme deficiencies	p. 221
Hereditary (progressive) retinal dysplasias / atrophy /degeneration (PRA)	p. 221
Hereditary progressive retinal degeneration/progressive retinal atrophy	p. 222
Hereditary (stationary) night blindness	p. 224
Hereditary day blindness	p. 224
Pigment epithelial dystrophy (PED)	p. 224
Hemorrhages and other vascular abnormalities	p. 224
Vascular occlusion	p. 225
Hyperlipoproteinemia	p. 225
Trauma	p. 225
Intoxications	p. 225
Iatrogenic intoxications	p. 225
Abnormalities of nutritional origin	p. 225
Vitamin A and vitamin E deficiencies	p. 225
Thiamine (aneurine) or vitamin B, deficiency	p. 227
Taurine deficiency	p. 227
Posterior uveitis/chorioretinitis / retinitis	p. 227
Retinal detachment	p. 228
Hypertensive Retinopathy	p. 229
Non-hereditary degenerative abnormalities	p. 230
Feline central retinal degeneration (FCRD)	p. 230
Papilledema	p. 230
Papillitis, optic neuritis	p. 231
Neoplasia	p. 231
Amblyopia / amaurosis	p. 232
Sudden acquired retinal degeneration (SARD)	p. 232
Breed Predispositions and Hereditary Eye Diseases
Introduction	p. 237
Modes of inheritance	p. 237
Simple inheritance	p. 237
Autosomal dominant (not sex-linked)	p. 237
Autosomal recessive (not sex-linked)	p. 237
Sex-linked inheritance	p. 237
Incomplete recessive or dominant, or incomplete penetrance	p. 238
Multiple (polygenic) transmission	p. 238
Is the abnormality inherited?	p. 238
Breed predispositions and inherited eye abnormalities	p. 240
Glossary of Terms Relating to the Eye 247
Index	p. 251
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Ophthalmology for the Veterinary Practitioner

9783899930115

3899930118

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