9781859721445

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the current environmental situation in Russia and its causes. It analyzes the problems of soil, water and air pollution, deteriorating public health, the strategies for environmental management and sustainable development and the associated legal framework. It provides new insight into the safety of chemical weapons disposal and storage of radio active wastes. These issues mirror in many respects those throughout Eastern Europe as the drive for economic growth at all costs becomes paramount.

List of Tables, Figures and Photographs

ix

(5)

Acknowledgements

xiv

(1)

About the Authors

xv

Introduction

1

(8)

1. Air Quality - A Breath of Fresh Air

9

(33)

1.1 Introduction

9

(2)

1.2 Legislation and Regulatory Procedures

11

(7)

1.2.1 Emission Standards

13

(1)

1.2.2 Ground Level Standards

14

(1)

1.2.3 Other Standards

15

(3)

1.3 Levels of Air Pollution

18

(8)

1.3.1 Emissions Levels

18

(4)

1.3.2 Overall Picture for Ground Level Pollution

22

(2)

1.3.3 Global Pollution

24

(2)

1.4 Industrial Sources of Air Pollution

26

(7)

1.4.1 Metallurgic Industry

26

1.4.2 Chemical Industry

22

(6)

1.4.3 Oil Extraction and Processing Industry

28

(2)

1.4.4 Power Generating Industry

30

(1)

1.4.5 Transport

31

(2)

1.5 Air Quality in Moscow and St Petersburg

33

(5)

1.5.1 Moscow

33

(3)

1.5.2 St Petersburg

36

(2)

1.6. Concluding Remarks

38

(4)

2. Water Quality and Water Systems

42

(43)

2.1 Introduction

42

(4)

2.2 Fresh Water Resources

46

(8)

2.2.1 Surface Water

46

(5)

2.2.2 Ground Water

51

(3)

2.3 Legislation

54

(2)

2.4 Water Quality Criteria

56

(13)

2.4.1 Use of Standards

56

(4)

2.4.2 Test Findings

60

(2)

2.4.3 Surface Waters

62

(2)

2.4.4 Ground Water

64

(1)

2.4.5 Surface Waters near Major Cities

65

(4)

2.5 The Marine Environment

69

(4)

2.6 Waste Water

73

(6)

2.6.1 Waste Waters by Industry

76

(3)

2.7 Concluding Remarks

79

(6)

3. Russian Land, its Use and Misuse

85

(37)

3.1 Introduction

85

(5)

3.2 Physical Damage to Soil and its Consequences

90

(5)

3.2.1 Agriculture

90

(3)

3.2.2 Manufacturing and Related Industries

93

(1)

3.2.3 Mining Industry

94

(1)

3.3 Chemical Contamination of Soil and its Consequences

95

(17)

3.3.1 Metals

95

(6)

3.3.2 Oil

101

(2)

3.3.3 Pesticides and Agrochemicals

103

(2)

3.3.4 Dioxins and Polychlorinated Biphenyls

105

(4)

3.3.5 Radioactive Contamination of Soil

109

(3)

3.4 Disturbance of Ecosystems

112

(3)

3.5 National Parks and Reserves

115

(2)

3.6 Concluding Remarks

117

(5)

4. Waste Disposal - Waste Not Want Not

122

(54)

4.1 Introduction

122

(2)

4.2 Municipal, Inert and Toxic Wastes

124

(20)

4.2.1 Regulation of Municipal and Toxic Wastes

125

(3)

4.2.2 The Overall Scale of the Problem

128

(4)

4.2.3 Disposal Methods Used

132

(4)

4.2.4 Hazardous Wastes

136

(4)

4.2.5 Problems of Big Cities

140

(1)

4.2.6 Waste Utilisation and Recycling

141

(3)

4.3 Radioactive Waste

144

(17)

4.3.1 An Overview

144

(1)

4.3.2 Classification of Radioactive Wastes

144

(3)

4.3.3 Sources of Radioactive Wastes

147

(11)

4.3.4 Monitoring and Development of Technologies for Disposal of Waste

158

(3)

4.4 Special Wastes

161

(7)

4.4.1 Nature of Qualities of Chemical Weapons Stored

162

(2)

4.4.2 Strategies for Disposal and Destruction

164

(3)

4.4.3 Methods used for Disposal

167

(1)

4.5 Concluding Remarks

168

(8)

5. Public Health and Ill Health

176

(52)

5.1 Introduction

176

(6)

5.1.1 Demographic Trends

176

(1)

5.1.2 Mortality Trends

177

(3)

5.1.3 Morbidity Trends

180

(2)

5.2 Strategies for Investigating the Public's Health

182

(5)

5.2.1 Possible Causes of Ill Health

182

(1)

5.2.2 Methods used

182

(5)

5.3 Air Pollution and Ill Health

187

(13)

5.3.1 Metallurgical Industries

187

(4)

5.3.2 Chemical, Petro-Chemical and Allied Industries

191

(2)

5.3.3 Power Generating Industry

193

(2)

5.3.4 Military

195

(2)

5.3.5 Transport

197

(3)

5.4 Water Pollution and Ill Health

200

(3)

5.5 Food Contamination and Ill Health

203

(4)

5.6 Accidents

207

(3)

5.7 Malnutrition and Other Factors

210

(5)

5.8 Medical Services in Transition

215

(1)

5.9 Pressure Groups

216

(1)

5.10 Polluted Urban Environment

217

(4)

5.11 "New" Diseases Attributed to Environmental Pollution

221

(2)

5.12 Concluding remarks

223

(5)

6 Future Strategies

228

(5)

6.1 What Needs to be Done

228

(3)

6.2 Prospects for improvement

231

(2)

Bibliography

233

(22)

Index

255

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Losing Hope

1859721443

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