9781402020643

Although Rock Mechanics addresses many of the rock mechanics issues which arise in underground mining engineering, it is not a text exclusively for mining applications. It consists of five categories of topics on the science and practice of rock engineering: basic engineering principles relevant to rock mechanics; mechanical properties of rock and rock masses; design of underground excavations in various rock mass conditions; mining methods and their implementation; and guidelines on rock mechanics practice. Throughout the text, and particularly in those sections concerned with excavation design and design of mining layouts, reference is made to computational methods of analysis of stress and displacement in a rock mass. The principles of various computational schemes, such as boundary element, finite element and distinct element methods, are considered. This new edition has been completely revised to reflect the notable innovations in mining engineering and the remarkable developments in the science of rock mechanics and the practice of rock engineering that have taken place over the last two decades. Based on extensive professional, research and teaching experience, this book will provide an authoritative and comprehensive text for final year undergraduates and commencing postgraduate students. For professional practitioners, not only will it be of interest to mining and geological engineers but also to civil engineers, structural and mining geologists and geophysicists as a standard work for professional reference purposes. B.H.G. Brady is Emeritus Professor and former Dean of the Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics at The University of Western Australia, and a consulting rock mechanics engineer. E.T. Brown is Senior Consultant, Golder Associates Pty Ltd, Brisbane, Australia and formerly Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor of The University of Queensland, Australia.

Preface to the third edition

Preface to the second edition

xiii

Preface to the first edition

Acknowledgements

xvii

Rock mechanics and mining engineering

(16)

General concepts

(3)

Inherent complexities in rock mechanics

(2)

Underground mining

(3)

Functional interactions in mine engineering

(4)

Implementation of a rock mechanics programme

(4)

Stress and infinitesimal strain

(29)

Problem definition

(1)

Force and stress

(2)

Stress transformation

(4)

Principal stresses and stress invariants

(2)

Differential equations of static equilibrium

(1)

Plane problems and biaxial stress

(3)

Displacement and strain

(4)

Principal strains

(1)

Strain compatibility equations

(1)

Stress-strain relations

(3)

Cylindrical polar co-ordinates

(2)

Geomechanics convention

(2)

Graphical representation of biaxial stress

(5)

Problems

(3)

Rock mass structure and characterisation

(39)

Introduction

(1)

Major types of structural features

(4)

Important geomechanical properties of discontinuities

(6)

Collecting structural data

(12)

Presentation of structural data

(2)

The hemispherical projection

(6)

Rock mass classification

(8)

Problems

(3)

Rock strength and deformability

(57)

Introduction

(1)

Concepts and definitions

(1)

Behaviour of isotropic rock material in uniaxial compression

(12)

Behaviour of isotropic rock material in multiaxial compression

(6)

Strength criteria for isotropic rock material

105

(12)

Strength of anisotropic rock material in triaxial compression

117

(3)

Shear behaviour of discontinuities

120

(10)

Models of discontinuity strength and deformation

130

(3)

Behaviour of discontinuous rock masses

133

(9)

Problems

139

(3)

Pre-mining state of stress

142

(23)

Specification of the pre-mining state of stress

142

(1)

Factors influencing the in situ state of stress

143

(4)

Methods of in situ stress determination

147

(9)

Presentation of in situ stress measurement results

156

(3)

Results of in situ stress measurements

159

(6)

Problems

161

(4)

Methods of stress analysis

165

(32)

Analytical methods for mine design

165

(1)

Principles of classical stress analysis

166

(7)

Closed-form solutions for simple excavation shapes

173

(5)

Computational methods of stress analysis

178

(1)

The boundary element method

179

(4)

The finite element method

183

(6)

The distinct element method

189

(3)

Finite difference methods for continuous rock

192

(3)

Linked computational schemes

195

(2)

Excavation design in massive elastic rock

197

(27)

General principles of excavation design

197

(4)

Zone of influence of an excavation

201

(3)

Effect of planes of weakness on elastic stress distribution

204

(5)

Excavation shape and boundary stresses

209

(4)

Delineation of zones of rock failure

213

(4)

Support and reinforcement of massive rock

217

(7)

Problems

221

(3)

Excavation design in stratified rock

224

(18)

Design factors

224

(1)

Rock mass response to mining

225

(2)

Roof bed deformation mechanics

227

(3)

Roof design procedure for plane strain

230

(5)

Roof beam analysis for large vertical deflection

235

(7)

Excavation design in blocky rock

242

(29)

Design factors

242

(1)

Identification of potential block failure modes -- Block Theory

243

(12)

Symmetric triangular roof prism

255

(6)

Roof stability analysis for a tetrahedral block

261

(2)

Design practice in blocky rock

263

(3)

Stope wall design -- the Mathews stability chart method

266

(5)

Energy, mine stability, mine seismicity and rockbursts

271

(41)

Mechanical relevance of energy changes

271

(4)

Mining consequences of energy changes

275

(2)

Energy transmission in rock

277

(8)

Spherical cavity in a hydrostatic stress field

285

(4)

General determination of released and excess energy

289

(4)

Mine stability and rockbursts

293

(1)

Instability due to pillar crushing

294

(5)

Thin tabular excavations

299

(2)

Instability due to fault slip

301

(3)

Characterisation of seismic events

304

(8)

Rock support and reinforcement

312

(35)

Terminology

312

(1)

Support and reinforcement principles

313

(4)

Rock-support interaction analysis

317

(5)

Pre-reinforcement

322

(4)

Support and reinforcement design

326

(12)

Materials and techniques

338

(9)

Mining methods and method selection

347

(23)

Mining excavations

347

(2)

Rock mass response to stoping activity

349

(3)

Orebody properties influencing mining method

352

(3)

Underground mining methods

355

(13)

Mining method selection

368

(2)

Pillar supported mining methods

370

(38)

Components of a supported mine structure

370

(2)

Field observations of pillar performance

372

(3)

Elementary analysis of pillar support

375

(9)

Design of a stope-and-pillar layout

384

(6)

Bearing capacity of roof and floor rocks

390

(1)

The Elliot Lake room-and-pillar mines

391

(5)

Stope-and-pillar design in irregular orebodies

396

(7)

Open stope-and-pillar design at Mount Charlotte

403

(1)

Yielding pillars

404

(4)

Problems

406

(2)

Artificially supported mining methods

408

(22)

Techniques of artificial support

408

(2)

Backfill properties and placement

410

(6)

Design of mine backfill

416

(2)

Cut-and-fill stoping

418

(5)

Backfill applications in open and bench stoping

423

(4)

Reinforcement of open stope walls

427

(3)

Longwall and caving mining methods

430

(54)

Classification of longwall and caving mining methods

430

(1)

Longwall mining in hard rock

430

(10)

Longwall coal mining

440

(13)

Sublevel caving

453

(12)

Block caving

465

(19)

Problems

481

(3)

Mining-induced surface subsidence

484

(34)

Types and effects of mining-induced subsidence

484

(2)

Chimney caving

486

(9)

Sinkholes in carbonate rocks

495

(1)

Discontinuous subsidence associated with caving methods of mining

496

(10)

Continuous subsidence due to the mining of tabular orebodies

506

(12)

Blasting mechanics

518

(25)

Blasting processes in underground mining

518

(1)

Explosives

518

(3)

Elastic models of explosive-rock interaction

521

(1)

Phenomenology of rock breakage by explosives

522

(5)

Computational models of blasting

527

(1)

Perimeter blasting

527

(5)

Transient ground motion

532

(4)

Dynamic performance and design of underground excavations

536

(2)

Evaluation of explosive and blast performance

538

(5)

Monitoring rock mass performance

543

(25)

The purposes and nature of monitoring rock mass performance

543

(1)

Monitoring systems

544

(14)

Examples of monitoring rock mass performance

558

(10)

Appendix A Basic constructions using the hemispherical projection

568

(6)

A.1 Projection of a line

568

(1)

A.2 Projection of the great circle and pole to a plane

568

(1)

A.3 Determination of the line of intersection of two planes

569

(1)

A.4 Determination of the angle between two lines in a plane

570

(1)

A.5 Determination of dip direction and true dip

571

(1)

A.6 Rotation about an inclined axis

572

(2)

Appendix B Stresses and displacements induced by point and infinite line loads in an infinite, isotropic, elastic continuum

574

(1)

B.1 A point load (the Kelvin equations)

574

(1)

B.2 An infinite line load

575

(1)

Appendix C Calculation sequences for rock--support interaction analysis

575

(5)

C.1 Scope

575

(1)

C.2 Required support line calculations

575

(2)

C.3 Available support line calculations

577

(3)

Appendix D Limiting equilibrium analysis of progressive hangingwall caving

580

(5)

D.1 Derivation of equations

580

(4)

D.2 Calculation sequence

584

(1)

Answers to problems

585

(4)

References

589

(25)

Index

614

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Rock Mechanics

1402020643

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