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Simon Gallagher, VCP3/4, VCAP4-DCD, VCAP4-DCA, is an infrastructure architect and a cloud specialist. VMware recognized his work within the virtualization community with vExpert awards in 2009 and 2010. He blogs about virtualization and infrastructure technologies at http://vinf.net.
Introduction xxv
Part I • Private Cloud Foundations 1
Chapter 1 • What Makes a Private Cloud? 3
Understanding the Great Abstraction Layer 3
Abstraction and Cloud Computing 5
Virtualization and Cloud Computing 6
Defi ning Cloud Computing 7
On-Demand Self-Service 7
Broad Network Access 8
Resource Pooling 8
Rapid Elasticity 8
Measured Service 9
Is Virtualization Cloud Computing? 9
Are Traditional Services Cloud Computing? 10
Understanding Services and Delivery Models 11
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) 12
Platform as a Service (PaaS) 13
Software as a Service (SaaS) 15
Public Cloud 15
Private Cloud 16
Hybrid Cloud 16
Community Cloud 17
Summary 17
Chapter 2 • Developing Your Strategy 19
Developing Your Strategy 19
Buy or Build? 21
Deciding to Buy 21
Service Level Agreement 21
Service Credits 23
Disaster Recovery 23
Cost Structure 23
Deciding to Build 24
Greenfi eld or Reengineer? 24
Hardware Platform 24
Datacenter Facilities 24
Virtual or Physical Servers 24
Application Stack Considerations 25
Design for Failure 27
Scale-Out Elasticity 28
Framework (PaaS) 30
Gathering Requirements 31
Documenting Requirements 31
Defi ne Use Cases 31
Who Are Your Users? 31
What Do They Do? 32
What Would They Like to Do? 32
Executive Sponsorship 32
Dealing with “the Directive” 32
“The Pitch”: Into the Dragon’s Den 33
Explaining the Current State of Your Organization 35
Proposing Your Solution 35
Presenting the Numbers 36
How Long, Who, and When? 37
Case Study 37
Cost Breakdown 37
Logical Diagrams 38
Overcoming Hurdles 38
Cloud? Our Auditors Will Go Nuts! 38
But Amazon Will Sell Me This for Like $1 a Day 39
Life Cycle 39
Inception 41
Feasibility 41
Development 41
Emerging Service 41
Established Service 42
Deprecated Service 42
Decommissioned Service 43
Building the Right Team 43
Product/Portfolio Manager 43
Change Manager 43
Capacity Manager 44
Commercial Manager 45
Operations Manager 45
Relationship Manager 45
Summary 45
Chapter 3 • Introducing VMware vCloud Director 47
Heriarchical Management 47
Understanding How vCloud Director Works 49
Exploring the Interfaces 49
Exploring vCloud Director’s Core Components 51
Cell Servers 51
Database 52
vCenter 52
vCloud Networking and Security Services 53
vCNS Manager 53
Chargeback Manager 54
Application Programming Interface 54
Virtual Datacenter Objects 54
Organization 54
Provider Virtual Data Center 56
Organization Virtual Data Center 56
Catalog 58
vApp 58
vCloud Networking 59
vCloud Network Isolation (VCNI) 59
Virtual Extensible Local Area Network (VXLAN) 59
Network Pools 62
vCloud Director Networks 63
Summary 68
Part II • Designing Your Cloud Service 71
Chapter 4 • Defi ning the Service Catalog 73
From Stability to Dynamic Change 73
Understanding the Service Catalog 74
Existing Standard Builds 74
Sharing Service Catalogs 76
The vApp 77
Examples of vApp Use Cases 78
Self-Contained LAMP Stack 78
Production SQL Server 79
Test SQL Server 79
Isolated Server Sandbox 80
Clone of Production Application Stack 80
Operating System Templates 81
Media Files 81
What Is Your Current Environment? 82
Active Directory 82
Backup/Restore 84
IP Addressing 84
Management Agents and Firewalling 85
Legacy System Dependencies 85
Security Considerations 85
N-Tier Applications 86
End-to-End Automation 86
Summary 87
Chapter 5 • Platform Design for vCloud Director 89
Identifying Design Goals 89
Provider Design Goals 91
Consumer Design Goals 92
Layered External Services 95
Identifying Design Constraints 95
Common Architecture Decisions 96
Conceptual Design 96
Management Pod 97
Resource Pod(s) 98
Design for Failure 100
Design for Manageability 101
Scaling Approaches 101
Availability/Performance 101
Designing the Management Pod 102
vCloud Databases 102
vCloud Cell Servers 103
Transfer Storage 107
SSL Certifi cates 107
vCNS Manager 109
Resource Pod Design 109
Compute 109
Networking 110
vCNS Gateway 112
Storage 112
Summary 114
Chapter 6 • Building a Cost Model 117
Economics of Cloud 118
Building a Cost Matrix 119
Table of Costs 120
Price Breaks 122
Step Changes 123
Cost vsPrice 124
Cost of Operation 124
Standardizing Units of Consumption 125
Custom Confi gurations 126
Software Licensing for the Cloud 126
Service Provider Licensing 128
Microsoft SPLA 129
VMware Service Provider Program 130
Summary 130
Part III • Building the Cloud 133
Chapter 7 • Installing VMware vCloud Director 135
Obtaining the Media 135
Preparing the Management Pod 136
DNS Configuration 138
vCenter Server 138
Deploying vShield Manager 138
vCloud Director Database 143
Preparing the Cell Servers 148
Configuring the Management Pod 151
Installing vCloud Director 151
Configuring the Transfer Location 152
Creating SSL Certificates 153
Generating a Self-Signed SSL Certificate 154
Using a SSL Certificate Signed by a Public or Internal Authority 157
Configuring the First Cell Server 158
Configuring the RHEL Firewall for vCloud 162
Securing the Configuration Files 164
Creating Sysprep Packages 165
vCloud Director Setup Wizard 168
Installing Additional Cell Servers 172
Summary 174
Chapter 8 • Delivering Services 177
Laying the Foundation: Building the Resource Pod 177
Building an Example Resource Pod 178
Associating vCNS Manager with Your Resource Pod 182
Licensing vCloud Networking and Security 183
Configuring LDAP Authentication 185
Setting the SMTP Server 188
Attaching a vCenter Server to Your Resource Pod 188
Creating PvDCs 190
Creating an External Network 197
Creating a Network Pool 201
Creating an Organization 203
Creating an Organization Virtual Datacenter 210
Confi guring the Resource Model 212
Allocating Storage 225
Allocating Networks 225
Connecting an Org vDC to the External Network 228
Creating a vCNS Edge Gateway 232
Creating an Initial Service Catalog 236
Creating a Public Catalog 236
Uploading Media to vCloud Director 240
Exporting a VM from vCenter for Use with vCloud Director in OVF Format 244
Handing Over Access to Your Consumers 246
Summary 246
Chapter 9 • Consuming Services 249
Example Configuration for This Chapter 249
Creating Your First vApp as a Consumer 251
Creating an Organization Catalog 251
Creating a Simple vApp from a Shared Catalog 254
Customizing a vApp 267
Uploading Your vApp to a Catalog 268
Deploying a vApp from a Template 270
Deploying a vApp on a vApp Network 276
Deploying a vApp with IP Load Balancing 282
Summary 293
Chapter 10 • Integrating Automation 295
Working with vCloud APIs 295
Introducing VMware vSphere PowerCLI 297
Microsoft PowerShell Overview 298
Getting Started with PowerCLI 298
PowerCLI and vCloud Director Cmdlets 301
PowerCLI and Combining vCloud Director and vSphere Cmdlets 305
PowerCLI Tools 306
Using VMware vCenter Orchestrator 306
Getting Started with vCenter Orchestrator 307
Plug-in Overview and Selection Considerations 307
Administration of vCenter Orchestrator 309
Locating, Installing, and Confi guring Plug-ins 310
Automating vCloud Director with vCenter Orchestrator 312
vCenter Orchestrator Policies 319
Working with RabbitMQ 319
Getting Started with RabbitMQ 320
Preparing RabbitMQ for Use with vCloud Director 320
Configuring vCloud Director Notifications 322
Integrating vCenter Orchestrator with RabbitMQ 323
Summary 326
Part IV • Operating the Cloud 327
Chapter 11 • Managing Your Cloud 329
How Managing vCloud Differs from Managing vSphere 329
Management Pod 330
Resource Pod 330
Org vDCs 331
Understanding Change Management 331
Capacity Planning 333
Team Structure 333
Monitoring Performance and Availability 335
Using Malware Protection 336
Balancing Capacity and Demand 337
Adding More ESX Hosts to a PvDC 337
Removing ESX Hosts from a PvDC 340
Adding Datastores 341
Adding Additional vCenter Servers 343
Troubleshooting vCloud Director 343
Summary 348
Chapter 12 • Business Continuity y 349
Backing Up Consumer Workloads 349
The New Challenge 350
Assessing Current Backup Options 351
Agent-Based Backups 352
Agent-Based Backups and Backup Networks 356
VADP-Derived Backups 360
Other Backups 362
Understanding Disaster Recovery Strategies 363
VMware vSphere Disaster Recovery 365
vCloud Director Challenges 368
vCloud Director Integration with vSphere 368
VMware Site Recovery Manager 368
Current Options 370
VMware Site Recovery Manager 370
Custom-Built Solutions 371
High-Availability Metro Clusters 373
Non-VMware Solutions 374
Summary 375
Index 377
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