9780309067195

Preface

Acronyms and Abbreviations

Executive Summary

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Part I---Setting the Scene

(7)

Part II---The Resource Impacts of Sprawl

(4)

Part III---The Personal Costs of Sprawl

(4)

Part IV---Dealing with Sprawl

(3)

Conclusion

(3)

PART I---SETTING THE SCENE

(148)

Introduction to Part I

(2)

Sprawl and Its Historical Context

(16)

Study Objective

(1)

Sprawl in the New Millennium---Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going?

(10)

Modeling Sprawl and Its Impacts

(2)

Conclusion

(3)

Definitions and Databases

(20)

Introduction

(1)

Section of County Level for Analysis

(3)

Database

(8)

Characterizing Land-Use Differences among Counties

(4)

Characterizing Sprawl among Counties

(1)

Conclusion

(4)

U.S. Growth

(22)

Introduction

(1)

Growth in the U.S. and the Individual States

(3)

Growth in U.S. Regions

(12)

Growth in EAs

(3)

Growth in Counties

(2)

Conclusion

(2)

Sprawl and Its Control

(32)

Introduction

(1)

Uncontrolled-Growth Scenario

(3)

Where Is Sprawl Taking Place in the United States?

(10)

Controlling Sprawl in the United States

(12)

Summary

111

(6)

Analysis of Sprawl's Incidence

117

(54)

Introduction

117

(1)

The Section of Example EAs

117

(1)

Atlanta, GA-AL-NC EA (EA 40)

118

(4)

Austin-San Marcos, TX EA (EA 130)

122

(2)

Birmingham, AL EA (EA 78)

124

(4)

Chicago-Gary-Kenosha, IL-IN-WI EA (EA 64)

128

(3)

Denver-Boulder-Greeley, CO-KS-NE EA (EA 141)

131

(4)

Las Vegas, NV-AZ-UT EA (EA 153)

135

(3)

Lexington, KY-TN-VA-WV EA (EA 47)

138

(4)

Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange, CA-AZ EA (EA 160)

142

(3)

Miami-Fort Lauderdale, FL EA (EA 31)

145

(3)

Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI-IA EA (EA 107)

148

(4)

NY-Northern NJ-Long Island, NY-NJ-CT-PA-MA-VT EA (EA 10)

152

(4)

Portland-Salem, OR-WA EA (EA 167)

156

(3)

Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill, NC EA (EA 19)

159

(3)

Tucson, AZ EA (EA 159)

162

(2)

Washington-Baltimore, DC-MD-VA-WV-PA EA (EA 13)

164

(4)

Conclusion

168

(3)

PART II---THE IMPACT OF SPRAWL ON RESOURCES

171

(138)

Introduction to Part II

173

(2)

Land Conversion in the United States

175

(42)

Introduction

175

(1)

Conceptual Overview

175

(3)

The Assessment Model

178

(10)

Land Supply and Land of Various Types

188

(4)

Results of the Assessment: Residential and Nonresidential Growth

192

(2)

Results of the Assessment: Land Conversion

194

(1)

The United States and Its Regions

194

(3)

States

197

(6)

EAs

203

(6)

Counties

209

(2)

Conclusion

211

(6)

Water and Sewer Infrastructure in the United States

217

(26)

Introduction

217

(1)

Conceptual Overview and Assessment Model

218

(2)

Results of the Assessment

220

(1)

The United States and Its Regions

221

(4)

States

225

(5)

EAs

230

(5)

Counties

235

(5)

Conclusion

240

(3)

Local Road Infrastructure in the United States

243

(18)

Introduction

243

(1)

Conceptual Overview and Assessment Model

243

(5)

Results of the Assessment: The United States and Its Regions

248

(1)

States

249

(2)

EAs

251

(6)

Counties

257

(2)

Conclusion

259

(2)

Local Public-Service Costs in the United States

261

(22)

Introduction

261

(1)

Background

261

(1)

Conceptual Overview and Assessment Model

262

(7)

Fiscal Parameters Used in the Analysis

269

(3)

Results of the Assessment: Fiscal Impact

272

(1)

The United States and Its Regions

272

(3)

States

275

(2)

EAs

277

(2)

Counties

279

(2)

Conclusion---Local Public-Service Costs in the United States

281

(2)

Real Estate Development Costs in the United States

283

(26)

Introduction

283

(1)

Conceptual Overview and Assessment Model

284

(5)

Results of the Assessment: The United States and Its Regions

289

(4)

States

293

(4)

EAs

297

(5)

Counties

302

(4)

Conclusion

306

(3)

PART III---THE PERSONAL COSTS OF SPRAWL

309

(132)

Introduction to Part III

311

(2)

Travel Miles and Costs in the United States

313

(40)

Introduction

313

(1)

Data

313

(2)

Model Development

315

(4)

Travel Model Results

319

(3)

Time Variables

322

(4)

Private Vehicle Costs

326

(6)

Transit Costs

332

(4)

Full Costs of Travel

336

(1)

Results of the Assessment

337

(2)

The United States and Its Regions

339

(3)

States

342

(3)

EAs

345

(3)

Counties

348

(3)

Conclusion

351

(2)

Quality of Life in the United States

353

(20)

Introduction

353

(1)

Quality-of-Life Model

354

(1)

Gabriel's Initial Variables

355

(4)

Manipulations of the Gabriel Variables

359

(2)

Results of the Assessment

361

(2)

The United States and Its Regions

363

(2)

States

365

(2)

EAs

367

(2)

Counties

369

(2)

Conclusion

371

(2)

Relating Sprawl to Urban Decline

373

(68)

Introduction

373

(1)

The Relationship between Sprawl and Urban Decline

373

(8)

Statistical Analysis Based on an Initial Definition of Sprawl and Urban Decline

381

(34)

Statistical Analysis Based on Variables Used in the Remainder of the Study

415

(11)

Reexamining the Linkages between Sprawl and Urban Decline

426

(9)

Conclusion

435

(6)

PART IV---DEALING WITH SPRAWL

441

(112)

Introduction to Part IV

443

(2)

The Benefits of Sprawl

445

(38)

Identifying the Benefits of Sprawl

445

(1)

Measuring and Valuing the Benefits of Sprawl

445

(34)

Conclusions

479

(4)

Developing Policies in Response to Sprawl

483

(54)

Introduction

483

(1)

The Sprawl-Generating Process in Specific Parts of Metropolitan Areas

484

(1)

Outcomes of the Sprawl-Generating Process That Require Remedies

484

(5)

Characteristics of the U. S. Metropolitan Growth Process to Consider When Formulating Policies in Response to Sprawl

489

(3)

Negative Effects of Sprawl Related to Urban Decline

492

(1)

What Broad Remedial Strategies Might Address Sprawl's Negative Effects?

493

(3)

Tactics for Encouraging More Spatially Compact Metropolitan Development

496

(5)

Tactics for Reducing Society's Current Heavy Dependence on Private Automobiles for Ground Transportation

501

(6)

Reducing the Financial Dependence of Each Local Government's Revenues on the Property Values and Sales Taxes Occurring within Its Own Boundaries

507

(4)

Providing Opportunities for Low-Income and Minority Households to Move Out of Concentrated-Poverty Neighborhoods

511

(6)

Introducing New Elements of Urban Design into Land-Use Planning

517

(2)

Revitalizing Concentrated-Poverty and Other Neighborhoods in Inner-Core Areas

519

(7)

Some Initial Aspects of Creating Regional Agencies to Review and Coordinate Land-Use Plans Drawn Up by Individual Localities

526

(11)

Future Research on Sprawl

537

(16)

Introduction

537

(1)

Defining and Measuring Sprawl

537

(2)

Growth and Sprawl

539

(1)

Sprawl and Developable Agricultural and Environmentally Fragile Land Impacts

539

(1)

Sprawl and Infrastructure Impacts

540

(1)

Sprawl and Transportation Impacts

541

(1)

Sprawl and Quality-of-Life Impacts

542

(1)

Sprawl and Social Impacts

543

(2)

Sprawl and Public Choice

545

(1)

Government Structure and Policies

546

(1)

Sprawl and Private-Sector Activities

546

(1)

New Tools for Sprawl Control

547

(1)

Benefits of Sprawl

547

(1)

Criteria for Rating Research Suggestions

547

(4)

Conclusion

551

(2)

APPENDIXES

553

(22)

Appendix A---Special County Definitions

555

(1)

Appendix B---Numeric Codes and Names for EAs

556

(2)

Appendix C---Growth Rate Threshold Values Defining Significant Sprawl for EAs

558

(2)

Appendix D---162 Urbanized Areas

560

(3)

Appendix E---Sprawl Index Summary Table

563

(4)

Appendix F---Independent Variables Used in the Regression Analysis Relating Sprawl To Urban Decline

567

(5)

Appendix G---Explanation of the Definition of Sprawl

572

(3)

Glossary

575

(4)

Bibliography

579

(12)

Index

591

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Costs of Sprawl 2000: Tcrp Report 74

0309067197

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