Humans and animals are frequently infected with at least one species of parasite and most also harbour other parasites or infectious agents. The interactions between these agents are often subtle and ignored by parasitologists, ecologists and immunologists. This volume explores these interactions in detail, with particular emphasis on their immunological and ecological aspects. There are also contributions on parasitic infections and AIDS and the problems of treating patients with multiple infections. This volume will be of interest to parasitologists, clinicians, veterinarians, immunologists, ecologists and anyone else dealing with parasitic, viral or bacterial infections in the laboratory or in the field.

List of contributions

v

Preface

1

(2)

Interactions between species and the structure of helminth communities

3

(10)

Summary

3

(1)

Introduction

3

(1)

Consequences of interactions between helminth species

4

(1)

Species richness in helminth infracommunities

5

(2)

Structure of helminth infracommunities

7

(1)

Helminth communities in intermediate hosts

8

(1)

Conclusions

9

(1)

Acknowledgements

10

(1)

References

10

(3)

Interspecific interactions between larval digeneans in the eyes of perch, Perca fluviatilis

13

(10)

Summary

13

(1)

Introduction

13

(1)

Materials and methods

14

(1)

Results

15

(4)

Seasonality

15

(1)

The decline in D. gasterostei infrapopulations

15

(1)

Population levels of all three species from 1980 until the crash

15

(1)

Population levels of all three species during the crash

16

(1)

Population levels of all three species after the crash

16

(2)

Site selection by the three species

18

(1)

Discussion

19

(2)

Acknowledgements

21

(1)

References

21

(2)

Concomitant infections, parasites and immune responses

23

(16)

Summary

23

(1)

Introduction

23

(1)

The nature of the infected host

24

(1)

Effects of cytokines and parasite-derived molecules on parasites

25

(1)

Interactions between infectious agents

25

(7)

Protozoa and viruses

26

(1)

Protozoa and bacteria

27

(1)

Protozoa and other protozoa

28

(1)

Protozoa and helminths

29

(1)

Helminths and viruses

30

(1)

Helminths and bacteria

31

(1)

Helminths and other helminths

31

(1)

Discussion

32

(1)

Immunodepression

32

(1)

The Th1/Th2 dichotomy

32

(1)

Immune effector molecules

33

(1)

Parasite-derived immunomodulatory factors

33

(1)

The significance of studies on concomitant infections

33

(1)

References

33

(6)

Interactions involving intestinal nematodes of rodents: experimental and field studies

39

(12)

Summary

39

(1)

Introduction

39

(1)

Categories of interaction

40

(1)

Synergistic (positive) interactions

40

(1)

Antagonistic (negative) interactions

40

(1)

Synergistic interactions involving nematodes

40

(1)

Non-immunologically-mediated interactions

40

(1)

Interactions mediated through the host's immune system

40

(1)

Antagonistic interactions involving nematodes

41

(2)

Non-immunologically-mediated interactions

41

(1)

Interactions mediated through the host's immune system

41

(1)

Non-specific inflammatory effector mechanisms

41

(1)

Effect of non-specifically-elicited effectors on chronic nematode species

42

(1)

Immunologically-specific interactions

42

(1)

Cross immunity

42

(1)

Enhancement of Th2-based responsiveness

43

(1)

Do quantitative interactions involving nematodes exist in natural rodent communities?

43

(1)

Evidence from the field - helminth communities in wild rodents

43

(1)

Taking the field systems into the laboratory

43

(1)

Field tests of laboratory-generated hypotheses

44

(1)

Practical implications

44

(1)

Where from here?

44

(1)

Acknowledgements

45

(1)

References

46

(5)

Heterologous immunity revisited

51

(10)

Summary

51

(1)

Introduction

51

(1)

Babesia and malaria

51

(1)

Bacteria, rickettsias and intra-macrophage protozoa

52

(1)

Tumour necrosis factor

52

(1)

Malaria and TNF

53

(1)

Malaria and nitric oxide from iNOS

53

(1)

An overview of heterologous immunity

54

(1)

Implications for vaccines

54

(1)

References

55

(6)

Use of an optimality model to solve the immunological puzzle of concomitant infection

61

(4)

Summary

61

(1)

Introduction

61

(1)

Modelling methods and results

62

(1)

Summarizing the immune response in one variable

62

(1)

An optimality model for immune responses to concomitant infection

62

(1)

Data sets for tests of the model

63

(1)

Discussion

63

(1)

Acknowledgements

64

(1)

References

64

(1)

Parasitic diseases and immunodeficiencies

65

(8)

Summary

65

(1)

Introduction

65

(1)

Opportunistic parasitoses in immunocompromised patients

65

(2)

Toxoplasmosis

65

(1)

Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora infections

66

(1)

Isosporosis and sarcocytosis

66

(1)

Microsporidioses

66

(1)

Leishmaniasis and Chagas Disease

66

(1)

Strongyloidiasis

67

(1)

Scabies

67

(1)

Other parasitic diseases and opportunistic mycoses

67

(1)

Mechanisms

67

(3)

The various immunodeficiencies and their consequences

67

(2)

Genetic mechanisms

69

(1)

Conclusion

70

(1)

References

70

(3)

Multiple helminth infections in children: impact and control

73

(10)

Summary

73

(1)

The major helminth infections affecting children

73

(1)

So what are the consequences of these infections for children?

73

(3)

The consequences are worse than previously realized

76

(2)

Can we do anything to help these children?

76

(2)

References

78

(5)

Chemotherapy for patients with multiple parasitic infections

83

(4)

Summary

83

(1)

Introduction

83

(1)

Onchocerciasis and loiasis

83

(1)

Intestinal helminths

84

(1)

Schistosomiasis

85

(1)

Malaria

85

(1)

Malaria and helminths

86

(1)

Malaria and other protozoa

86

(1)

Multiple parasitic infections in AIDS

86

(1)

Conclusions

87

(1)

References

87

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Concomitant Infections

9780521004978

0521004977

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