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9780521571999

Modern Physical and Mathematical Sciences

by
  • ISBN13:

    9780521571999

  • ISBN10:

    0521571995

  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2002-10-28
  • Publisher: Cambridge University Press

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Summary

A narrative and interpretative history of the physical and mathematical sciences from the early nineteenth century to the close of the twentieth century. Drawing upon the most recent methods and results in historical studies of science, the authors of over thirty chapters employ strategies from intellectual history, social history, and cultural studies to provide unusually wide-ranging and comprehensive insights into developments in the public culture, disciplinary organization, and cognitive content of the physical and mathematical sciences. The sciences under study in the volume include physics, astronomy, chemistry and mathematics, as well as their extensions into geosciences and environmental sciences, computer science, and biomedical science. Scientific traditions and scientific changes are examined; the roles of instruments, languages, and images in everyday practice are analyzed; the theme of scientific 'revolution' is scrutinized; and the interactions of the sciences with literature, religion, and ideology are examined.

Table of Contents

Illustrations
xvii
Notes on Contributors xix
General Editors' Preface xxv
Acknowledgments xxix
Introduction: The Modern Physical and Mathematical Sciences 1(20)
Mary Jo Nye
PART I. THE PUBLIC CULTURES OF THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES AFTER 1800
Theories of Scientific Method: Models for the Physico-Mathematical Sciences
21(15)
Nancy Cartwright
Stathis Psillos
Hasok Chang
Mathematics, Science, and Nature
22(3)
Realism, Unity, and Completeness
25(3)
Positivism
28(1)
From Evidence to Theory
29(3)
Experimental Traditions
32(4)
Intersections of Physical Science and Western Religion in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
36(18)
Frederick Gregory
The Plurality of Worlds
37(2)
The End of the World
39(4)
The Implications of Materialism
43(3)
From Confrontation to Peaceful Coexistence to Reengagement
46(3)
Contemporary Concerns
49(5)
A Twisted Tale: Women in the Physical Sciences in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
54(18)
Margaret W. Rossiter
Precedents
54(1)
Great Exceptions
55(3)
Less-Well-Known Women
58(1)
Rank and File -- Fighting for Access
59(2)
Women's Colleges -- A World of Their Own
61(1)
Graduate Work, (Male) Mentors, and Laboratory Access
62(1)
``Men's'' and ``Women's'' Work in Peace and War
63(2)
Scientific Marriages and Families
65(1)
Underrecognition
66(1)
Post-World War II and ``Women's Liberation''
67(3)
Rise of Gender Stereotypes and Sex-Typed Curricula
70(2)
Scientists and Their Publics: Popularization of Science in the Nineteenth Century
72(19)
David M. Knight
Making Science Loved
74(1)
The March of Mind
75(1)
Read All About It
76(1)
Crystal Palaces
77(1)
The Church Scientific
78(2)
Deep Space and Time
80(3)
Beyond the Fringe
83(2)
A Second Culture?
85(2)
Talking Down
87(1)
Signs and Wonders
88(3)
Literature and the Modern Physical Sciences
91(22)
Pamela Gossin
Two Cultures: Bridges, Trenches, and Beyond
93(2)
The Historical Interrelations of Literature and Newtonian Science
95(3)
Literature and the Physical Sciences after 1800: Forms and Contents
98(1)
Literature and Chemistry
99(1)
Literature and Astronomy, Cosmology, and Physics
100(3)
Interdisciplinary Perspectives and Scholarship
103(3)
Literature and the Modern Physical Sciences in the History of Science
106(2)
Literature and the Modern Physical Sciences: New Forms and Directions
108(5)
PART II. DISCIPLINE BUILDING IN THE SCIENCES: PLACES, INSTRUMENTS, COMMUNICATION
Mathematical Schools, Communities, and Networks
113(20)
David E. Rowe
Texts and Contexts
114(3)
Shifting Modes of Production and Communication
117(3)
Mathematical Research Schools in Germany
120(3)
Other National Traditions
123(4)
Gottingen's Modern Mathematical Community
127(2)
Pure and Applied Mathematics in the Cold War Era and Beyond
129(4)
The Industry, Research, and Education Nexus
133(21)
Terry Shinn
Germany as a Paradigm of Heterogeneity
134(4)
France as a Paradigm of Homogeneity
138(5)
England as a Case of Underdetermination
143(4)
The United States as a Case of Polymorphism
147(5)
The Stone of Sisyphus
152(2)
Remaking Astronomy: Instruments and Practice in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
154(20)
Robert W. Smith
The Astronomy of Position
154(6)
Different Goals
160(5)
Opening Up the Electromagnetic Spectrum
165(2)
Into Space
167(3)
Very Big Science
170(4)
Languages in Chemistry
174(17)
Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent
1787: A ``Mirror of Nature'' to Plan the Future
176(5)
1860: Conventions to Pacify the Chemical Community
181(5)
1930: Pragmatic Rules to Order Chaos
186(3)
Toward a Pragmatic Wisdom
189(2)
Imagery and Representation in Twentieth-Century Physics
191(28)
Arthur I. Miller
The Twentieth Century
193(1)
Albert Einstein: Thought Experiments
194(1)
Types of Visual Images
195(2)
Atomic Physics during 1913--1925: Visualization Lost
197(3)
Atomic Physics during 1925--1926: Visualization versus Visualizability
200(3)
Atomic Physics in 1927: Visualizability Redefined
203(2)
Nuclear Physics: A Clue to the New Visualizability
205(3)
Physicists Rerepresent
208(1)
The Deep Structure of Data
209(3)
Visual Imagery and the History of Scientific Thought
212(7)
PART III. CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS: PROBLEMS THROUGH THE EARLY 1900s
The Physical Sciences in the Life Sciences
219(18)
Frederic L. Holmes
Applications of the Physical Sciences to Biology in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
221(3)
Chemistry and Digestion in the Eighteenth Century
224(2)
Nineteenth-Century Investigations of Digestion and Circulation
226(4)
Transformations in Investigations of Respiration
230(3)
Physiology and Animal Electricity
233(4)
Chemical Atomism and Chemical Classification
237(18)
Hans-Werner Schutt
Chemical versus Physical Atoms
238(1)
Atoms and Gases
239(2)
Calculating Atomic Weights
241(2)
Early Attempts at Classification
243(2)
Types and Structures
245(3)
Isomers and Stereochemistry
248(2)
Formulas and Models
250(1)
The Periodic System and Standardization in Chemistry
251(3)
Two Types of Bonds
254(1)
The Theory of Chemical Structure and Its Applications
255(17)
Alan J. Rocke
Early Structuralist Notions
255(2)
Electrochemical Dualism and Organic Radicals
257(2)
Theories of Chemical Types
259(3)
The Emergence of Valence and Structure
262(3)
Further Development of Structural Ideas
265(4)
Applications of the Structure Theory
269(3)
Theories and Experiments on Radiation from Thomas Young to X Rays
272(17)
Sungook Hong
The Rise of the Wave Theory of Light
272(5)
New Kinds of Radiation and the Idea of the Continuous Spectrum
277(3)
The Development of Spectroscopy and Spectrum Analysis
280(4)
The Electromagnetic Theory of Light and the Discovery of X Rays
284(3)
Theory, Experiment, Instruments in Optics
287(2)
Force, Energy, and Thermodynamics
289(22)
Crosbie Smith
The Mechanical Value of Heat
290(6)
A Science of Energy
296(8)
The Energy of the Electromagnetic Field
304(4)
Recasting Energy Physics
308(3)
Electrical Theory and Practice in the Nineteenth Century
311(20)
Bruce J. Hunt
Early Currents
311(1)
The Age of Faraday and Weber
312(2)
Telegraphs and Cables
314(3)
Maxwell
317(2)
Cables, Dynamos, and Light Bulbs
319(2)
The Maxwellians
321(3)
Electrons, Ether, and Relativity
324(7)
PART IV. ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR SCIENCES IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
Quantum Theory and Atomic Structure, 1900--1927
331(19)
Olivier Darrigol
The Quantum of Action
332(2)
Quantum Discontinuity
334(2)
From Early Atomic Models to the Bohr Atom
336(3)
Einstein and Sommerfeld on Bohr's Theory
339(1)
Bohr's Correspondence Principle versus Munich Models
340(1)
A Crisis, and Quantum Mechanics
341(3)
Quantum Gas, Radiation, and Wave Mechanics
344(2)
The Final Synthesis
346(4)
Radioactivity and Nuclear Physics
350(25)
Jeff Hughes
Radioactivity and the ``Political Economy'' of Radium
352(3)
Institutionalization, Concentration, and Specialization: The Emergence of a Discipline, 1905--1914
355(5)
``An Obscure Oddity''? Radioactivity Reconstituted, 1919--1925
360(2)
Instruments, Techniques, and Disciplines: Controversy, 1924--1932
362(6)
From ``Radioactivity'' to ``Nuclear Physics'': A Discipline Transformed, 1932--1940
368(2)
Nuclear Physics and Particle Physics: Postwar Differentiation, 1945-1960
370(5)
Quantum Field Theory: From QED to the Standard Model
375(19)
Silvan S. Schweber
Quantum Field Theory in the 1930s
377(5)
From Pions to the Standard Model: Conceptual Developments in Particle Physics
382(6)
Quarks
388(3)
Gauge Theories and the Standard Model
391(3)
Chemical Physics and Quantum Chemistry in the Twentieth Century
394(19)
Ana Simoes
Periods and Concepts in the History of Quantum Chemistry
395(5)
The Emergence of Quantum Chemistry and the Problem of Reductionism
400(4)
The Emergence of Quantum Chemistry in National Context
404(3)
Quantum Chemistry as a Discipline
407(4)
The Uses of Quantum Chemistry for the History and Philosophy of the Sciences
411(2)
Plasmas and Solid-State Science
413(16)
Michael Eckert
Prehistory: Contextual versus Conceptual
414(3)
World War II: A Critical Change
417(3)
Formative Years, 1945-1960
420(5)
Consolidation and Ramifications
425(2)
Models of Scientific Growth
427(2)
Macromolecules: Their Structures and Functions
429(20)
Yasu Furukawa
From Organic Chemistry to Macromolecules
430(5)
Physicalizing Macromolecules
435(2)
Exploring Biological Macromolecules
437(3)
The Structure of Proteins: The Mark Connection
440(3)
The Path to the Double Helix: The Signer Connection
443(6)
PART V. MATHEMATICS, ASTRONOMY, AND COSMOLOGY SINCE THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
The Geometrical Tradition: Mathematics, Space, and Reason in the Nineteenth Century
449(19)
Joan L. Richards
The Eighteenth-Century Background
450(4)
Geometry and the French Revolution
454(4)
Geometry and the German University
458(2)
Geometry and English Liberal Education
460(2)
Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry
462(2)
Geometry in Transition: 1850--1900
464(4)
Between Rigor and Applications: Developments in the Concept of Function in Mathematical Analysis
468(20)
Jesper Lutzen
Euler's Concept of Function
469(1)
New Function Concepts Dictated by Physics
470(1)
Dirichlet's Concept of Function
471(3)
Exit the Generality of Algebra -- Enter Rigor
474(3)
The Dreadful Generality of Functions
477(2)
The Delta ``Function''
479(2)
Generalized Solutions to Differential Equations
481(3)
Distributions: Functional Analysis Enters
484(4)
Statistics and Physical Theories
488(17)
Theodore M. Porter
Statistical Thinking
489(2)
Laws of Error and Variation
491(3)
Mechanical Law and Human Freedom
494(4)
Regularity, Average, and Ensemble
498(2)
Reversibility, Recurrence, and the Direction of Time
500(3)
Chance at the Fin de Siecle
503(2)
Solar Science and Astrophysics
505(17)
Joann Eisberg
Solar Physics: Early Phenomenology
508(2)
Astronomical Spectroscopy
510(2)
Theoretical Approaches to Solar Modeling: Thermodynamics and the Nebular Hypothesis
512(2)
Stellar Spectroscopy
514(2)
From the Old Astronomy to the New
516(2)
Twentieth-Century Stellar Models
518(4)
Cosmologies and Cosmogonies of Space and Time
522(16)
Helge Kragh
The Nineteenth-Century Heritage
522(1)
Galaxies and Nebulae until 1925
523(2)
Cosmology Transformed: General Relativity
525(1)
An Expanding Universe
526(3)
Nonrelativistic Cosmologies
529(1)
Gamow's Big Bang
530(1)
The Steady State Challenge
531(1)
Radio Astronomy and Other Observations
532(1)
A New Cosmological Paradigm
533(1)
Developments since 1970
534(4)
The Physics and Chemistry of the Earth
538(23)
Naomi Oreskes
Ronald E. Doel
Traditions and Conflict in the Study of the Earth
539(3)
Geology, Geophysics, and Continental Drift
542(3)
The Depersonalization of Geology
545(4)
The Emergence of Modern Earth Science
549(3)
Epistemic and Institutional Reinforcement
552(9)
PART VI. PROBLEMS AND PROMISES AT THE END OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
Science, Technology, and War
561(18)
Alex Roland
Patronage
562(4)
Institutions
566(2)
Qualitative Improvements
568(1)
Large-Scale, Dependable, Standardized Production
569(1)
Education and Training
570(1)
Secrecy
571(2)
Political Coalitions
573(1)
Opportunity Costs
574(1)
Dual-Use Technologies
575(2)
Morality
577(2)
Science, Ideology, and the State: Physics in the Twentieth Century
579(19)
Paul Josephson
Soviet Marxism and the New Physics
580(6)
Aryan Physics and Nazi Ideology
586(3)
Science and Pluralist Ideology: The American Case
589(3)
The Ideological Significance of Big Science and Technology
592(2)
The National Laboratory as Locus of Ideology and Knowledge
594(4)
Computer Science and the Computer Revolution
598(17)
William Aspray
Computing before 1945
598(3)
Designing Computing Systems for the Cold War
601(3)
Business Strategies and Computer Markets
604(3)
Computing as a Science and a Profession
607(4)
Other Aspects of the Computer Revolution
611(4)
The Physical Sciences and the Physician's Eye: Dissolving Disciplinary Boundaries
615(19)
Bettyann Holtzmann Kevles
Origins of CT in Academic and Medical Disciplines
617(4)
Origins of CT in Private Industry
621(4)
From Nuclear Magnetic Resonance to Magnetic Resonance Imaging
625(4)
MRI and the Marketplace
629(2)
The Future of Medical Imaging
631(3)
Global Environmental Change and the History of Science
634(17)
James Rodger Fleming
Enlightenment
636(2)
Literary and Scientific Transformation: The American Case
638(3)
Scientific Theories of Climatic Change
641(4)
Global Warming: Early Scientific Work and Public Concern
645(3)
Global Cooling, Global Warming
648(3)
Index 651

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