Cellular V2X for Connected Automated Driving

A unique examination of cellular communication technologies for connected automated driving, combining expert insights from telecom and automotive industries as well as technical and scientific knowledge from industry and academia

Cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) technologies enable vehicles to communicate both with the network, with each other, and with other road users using reliable, responsive, secure, and high-capacity communication links. Cellular V2X for Connected Automated Driving provides an up-to-date view of the role of C-V2X technologies in connected automated driving (CAD) and connected road user (CRU) services, such as advanced driving support, improved road safety, infotainment, over-the-air software updates, remote driving, and traffic efficiency services enabling the future large-scale transition to self-driving vehicles. This timely book discusses where C-V2X technology is situated within the increasingly interconnected ecosystems of the mobile communications and automotive industries.

An expert contributor team from both industry and academia explore potential applications, business models, standardization, spectrum and channel modelling, network enhancements, security and privacy, and more. Broadly divided into two parts—introductory and advanced material—the text first introduces C-V2X technology and introduces a variety of use cases and opportunities, requiring no prerequisite technical knowledge. The second part of the book assumes a basic understanding of the field of telecommunications, presenting technical descriptions of the radio, system aspects, and network design for the previously discussed applications. This up-to-date resource:

• Provides technical details from the finding of the European Commission H2020 5G PPP 5GCAR project, a collaborative research initiative between the telecommunications and automotive industries and academic researchers
• Elaborates on use cases, business models, and a technology roadmap for those seeking to shape a start-up in the area of automated and autonomous driving
• Provides up to date descriptions of standard specifications, standardization and industry organizations and important regulatory aspects for connected vehicles
• Provides technical insights and solutions for the air interface, network architecture, positioning and security to support vehicles at different automation levels
• Includes detailed tables, plots, and equations to clarify concepts, accompanied by online tutorial slides for use in teaching and seminars

Thanks to its mix of introductory content and technical information, Cellular V2X for Connected Automated Driving is a must-have for industry and academic researchers, telecom and automotive industry practitioners, leaders, policymakers, and regulators, and university-level instructors and students.

Additional resources available at the following site: Cellular V2X for Connected Automated Driving – 5GCAR

Mikael Fallgren, Senior Researcher, Ericsson, Sweden. His Ph.D. degree was in applied and computational mathematics from KTH (the Royal Institute of Technology), Stockholm. His research interests include V2X and wireless access networks. In the METIS project he led the work on scenarios and requirements as well as on dissemination and standardization.

Markus Dillinger, 5G R&D head for connected cars, Huawei Technologies Duesseldorf, Germany. He received his Diplom-Ing. degree in telecommunications in 1990 from the University of Kaiserslautern, Germany. In 2013 he joined Huawei as Head of Wireless Internet Technologies where he runs private and public R&D programmes for e.g. car-to-car and automation supporting 3GPP standardization and normative work for the vertical industry.

Toktam Mahmoodi, Associate Professor, Kings College London, UK. She received the Ph.D. degree in Telecommunications from Kings College London, U.K. She has led, and contributed to number of FP7, H2020 and EPSRC funded projects in the area of mobile and wireless networks, including industrial networking, mission-critical communication, vehicular networks, teleoperation and haptic communications.

Tommy Svensson, Professor, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden. He received a Ph.D. in Information theory from Chalmers in 2003, and he has worked at Ericsson AB with core networks, radio access networks, and microwave transmission products. His research interests include design and analysis of physical layer algorithms, multiple access, resource allocation, cooperative systems, moving networks, and satellite networks.

1. Introduction

1.1. Background

1.1.1. Telecom’s roadmap in connected driving

1.1.2. Automotive’s roadmap on automated driving

1.1.3. Intelligent transport systems

1.1.4. Standardization and regulation

1.2. Communication aspects of ITS

1.2.1. State of the art

1.2.2. Future developments in C-V2X

1.3. Structure of this book

1.4. References

2. Business Models

2.1. Service Definition

2.1.1. Existing Services

2.1.2. Autonomous driving features

2.1.3. Convenience services

2.2. Technical components

2.3. Practicalities

2.3.1. Profile/SIM card provisioning

2.3.2. Routing strategy

2.3.3. Roaming and Inter-operator co-operation

2.3.4. Network technologies and OEMs status

2.3.5. Possible business model evolution

2.4. Business market opportunities for V2X

2.4.1. 5GCAM business model

2.4.2. Security provision

2.4.3. Over the air updates

2.5. Business model analysis of 5G V2X technical components

2.5.1. Positioning

2.5.2. V2X radio design

2.5.3. Network procedures

2.5.4. End to end security

2.5.5. Edge computing enhancements

2.5.6. Summary

2.6. Conclusions

2.7. References

3. Standardization and regulation

3.1. Standardization process overview

3.1.1. General aspects

3.1.2. Standardization and regulation bodies relevant to ITS specifications

3.1.3. 3GPP structure and standardization process

3.2. Regulatory aspects and spectrum allocation

3.2.1. C-V2X policy and regulations in Europe

3.2.2. Radio frequency spectrum allocation for V2X communications

3.3. Standardization of V2X communication technology solutions

3.3.1. A brief history of V2X communication

3.3.2. Overview of DSRC/C-V2X specifications around the globe

3.3.3. C-V2X standardization in 3GPP; towards and within 5G

3.4. Automotive industry

3.4.1. 5GAA

3.4.2. Industry penetration

3.5. Application aspects

3.5.1. U.S. standardization

3.5.2. E.U. standardization

3.6. Summary

3.7. References

4. Spectrum and Channel Modeling

4.1. Spectrum and regulations for V2X communications

4.1.1. Spectrum bands in Europe

4.1.2. Spectrum bands in other regions

4.1.3. Spectrum Auctions worldwide

4.1.4. Spectrum harmonization worldwide

4.1.5. Summary

4.2. Channel Modeling

4.2.1. Propagation environments

4.2.2. Channel Modeling Framework and Gap Analysis

4.2.3. Path Loss Models

4.2.4. Recent V2X channel measurements and models

4.2.5. Summary

4.3. References

5. V2X Radio Interface

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Beamforming techniques for V2X communication in mm-wave spectrum

5.2.1. Beam refinement for mobile multi-user scenario

5.2.2. Beamformed multicasting

5.2.3. Beam-based broadcasting

5.3. PHY and MAC layer extensions

5.3.1. Channel state information acquisition and MU-MIMO receiver design

5.3.2. Reference signal design

5.3.3. Synchronization

5.3.4. Scheduling and power control

5.4. Technology features enabled by vehicular sidelink

5.4.1. UE Cooperation for enhancing reliability

5.4.2. Full and flexible duplex

5.5. Summary

5.6. References

6. Network Enhancements

6.1. Introduction

6.2. Network Slicing

6.2.1. Network Slicing and 3GPP

6.2.2. Network Slicing and V2X

6.3. Role of SDN and NFV in V2X

6.4. Cloudified Architecture

6.5. Local End to End Path

6.6. Multi-Operator Support

6.7. Summary

6.8. References

7. Enhancements to support V2X application adaptations

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Background

7.3. Enhanced application-network interaction for V2X use case handling

7.3.1. V2X Service negotiation

7.3.2. Use-case aware multi-RAT multi-link connectivity

7.3.3. Location-aware scheduling

7.4. Redundant scheduler for sidelink and Uu

7.4.1. Application or Facilities layer

7.4.2. Transport level

7.4.3. RRC level

7.5. Summary

7.6. References

8. Radio based positioning and video based positioning

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Radio based positioning

8.2.1. Use cases and requirements

8.2.2. Radio-based positioning in New Radio Release 16

8.2.3. Radio-based positioning beyond Release 16

8.2.4. Technology component complementation

8.2.5. Limitations of radio-based positioning

8.2.6. Summary

8.3. Video based positioning

8.3.1. Vehicle positioning system setup

8.3.2. Multi camera calibration

8.3.3. Vehicle detection

8.3.4. Vehicle tracking

8.3.5. Vehicle localization

8.3.6. Accuracy evaluation

8.3.7. Summary

8.4. Conclusions

8.5. References

9. Security and privacy

9.1. Introduction

9.2. V2N Security

9.2.1. Security Challenges

9.2.2. Isolation Challenges

9.2.3. Software-Defined Vehicular Networking Security

9.3. V2V/V2I/I2V security

9.3.1. V2X security

9.3.2. Privacy

9.3.3. E.U. V2X security architecture

9.3.4. U.S. V2X security architecture

9.4. Alternative approaches

9.5. Conclusion

9.6. References

10. Status, Recommendations and Outlook

10.1. Status of Described C-V2X Technical Concepts

10.2. Technical and Non-technical Gaps in Broad

10.3. Recommendations to Stakeholders

10.3.1. Mobile Network Operators

10.3.2. Original Equipment Manufacturers

10.3.3. Regulators

10.3.4. Suppliers and certification

10.4. Outlook

10.5. References

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