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9780471000891

Theory and Design for Mechanical Measurements

by ;
  • ISBN13:

    9780471000891

  • ISBN10:

    0471000892

  • Edition: 2nd
  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 1995-01-01
  • Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Inc
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Supplemental Materials

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Summary

Now in its fourth edition, this successful book provides readers with an in-depth introduction to the theory of engineering measurements, measurement system performance, and instrumentation. Emphasis is placed on the use of uncertainty analysis in the design of measurement systems and the statistical nature of engineering variables. Readers will also gain a better understanding of concepts related to system behavior, sampling, and spectral analysis while utilizing the new interactive CD-ROM.

Table of Contents

Basic Concepts of Measurement Methods
1(36)
Introduction
1(1)
General Measurement System
2(2)
Experimental Text Plan
4(9)
Variables
5(1)
Parameters
6(1)
Noise and Interference
6(2)
Random Tests
8(4)
Replication and Repetition
12(1)
Calibration
13(9)
Static Calibration
14(1)
Dynamic Calibration
14(1)
Static Sensitivity
15(1)
Range
15(1)
Accuracy
15(3)
Sequence Calibration
18(1)
Random Calibration
19(3)
Standards
22(6)
Mass
23(1)
Time
23(1)
Length
24(1)
Temperature
24(1)
Electrical Dimensions
25(1)
Force
25(1)
Derived Units
26(1)
Hierarchy of Standards
27(1)
Test Standards
28(1)
Measurement Overview
28(1)
Summary
29(8)
References
30(1)
Nomenclature
30(1)
Problems
30(7)
Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Signals
37(42)
Introduction
37(1)
Input/Output Signal Concepts
37(5)
Classification of Waveforms
39(3)
Signal Analysis
42(5)
Effects of Signal-Averaging Period
45(1)
DC Offset
46(1)
Signal Amplitude and Frequency
47(15)
Periodic Signals
48(3)
Frequency Analysis
51(2)
Fourier Series and Coefficients
53(9)
Fourier Transform and the Frequency Spectrum
62(8)
Discrete Fourier Transform
65(5)
Summary
70(9)
References
70(1)
Nomenclature
71(1)
Problems
71(8)
Measurement System Behavior
79(46)
Introduction
79(1)
General Model for a Measurement System
79(5)
Dynamic Measurements
80(2)
Measurement System Model
82(2)
Special Cases of the General System Model
84(24)
Zero-Order Systems
84(1)
First-Order Systems
85(14)
Second-Order Systems
99(9)
Transfer Functions
108(2)
Phase Linearity
110(2)
Multiple-Function Inputs
112(2)
Coupled Systems
114(3)
Summary
117(8)
References
117(1)
Nomenclature
117(1)
Problems
118(7)
Probability and Statistics
125(46)
Introduction
125(1)
Statistical Measurement Theory
126(5)
Probability Density Functions
127(4)
Infinite Statistics
131(7)
Finite Statistics
138(6)
Standard Deviation of the Means
140(2)
Pooled Statistics
142(2)
Chi-Squared Distribution
144(5)
Goodness-of-Fit Test
147(2)
Regression Analysis
149(9)
Least-Squares Regression Analysis
150(8)
Data Outlier Detection
158(2)
Number of Measurements Required
160(2)
Summary
162(9)
References
162(1)
Nomenclature
163(1)
Problems
164(7)
Uncertainty Analysis
171(48)
Introduction
171(1)
Measurement Errors
171(2)
Error Sources
173(1)
Calibration Errors
173(1)
Data Acquisition Errors
174(1)
Data Reduction Errors
174(1)
Bias and precision Errors
174(3)
Bias Error
174(2)
Precision Error
176(1)
Uncertainty Analysis: Error Propagation
177(6)
Propagation of Errors
177(6)
Design-Stage Uncertainty Analysis
183(4)
Advanced Design-Stage and Single-Measurement Uncertainty Analysis
187(7)
Zero-Order Uncertainty
187(1)
Higher-order Uncertainty
188(1)
Nth-Order Uncertainty
188(6)
Multiple-Measurement Uncertainty Analysis
194(15)
Propagation of Elemental Errors
195(6)
Propagation of Uncertainty to a Result
201(8)
Summary
209(10)
References
209(1)
Nomenclature
210(1)
Problems
211(8)
Analog Electrical Devices and Measurements
219(50)
Introduction
219(1)
Analog Devices: Current Measurements
219(5)
Direct Current
219(3)
Alternating Current
222(2)
Analog Devices: Voltage Measurements
224(5)
Analog Meters
224(1)
Oscilloscope
225(1)
Potentiometer
225(4)
Analog Devices: Resistance Measurements
229(8)
Ohmmeter Circuits
229(1)
Bridge Circuits
230(7)
Loading Errors and Impedance Matching
237(6)
Loading Errors for Voltage Dividing Circuit
238(1)
Interstage Loading Errors
239(4)
Analog Signal Conditioning: Amplifiers
243(4)
Analog Signal Conditioning: Special Purpose
247(4)
Analog Voltage Comparator
247(1)
Sample and Hold Circuit
247(1)
Charge Amplifier
248(1)
Current Loop: 4-20 mA
249(2)
Analog Signal Conditioning: Filters
251(8)
Butterworth Filter Design
253(4)
Bessel Filter Design
257(1)
Active Filters
257(2)
Grounds, Shielding, and Connecting Wires
259(2)
Summary
261(8)
References
261(1)
Nomenclature
262(1)
Problems
262(7)
Sampling, Digital Devices and Data Acquisition
269(52)
Introduction
269(1)
Sampling Concepts
269(9)
Sample Rate
270(2)
Alias Frequencies
272(4)
Amplitude Ambiguity
276(2)
Selecting Sample Rate and Data Number
278(1)
Digital Devices: Bits and Words
278(3)
Transmitting Digital Numbers: High and Low Signals
281(1)
Voltage Measurements
281(13)
Digital-to-Analog Converter
281(3)
Analog-to-Digital Converter
284(9)
Digital Voltmeters
293(1)
Data Acquisition Systems
294(2)
Data Acquisition System Components
296(5)
Signal Conditioning: Filters and Amplifiers
296(2)
Analog Multiplexers
298(1)
A/D Converters
298(1)
D/A Converters
298(1)
Central Processing Unit: The Controller
298(1)
Math Coprocessor
299(1)
Memory
300(1)
Central Bus
300(1)
Buffers
301(1)
Analog Input/Output Communication
301(5)
Data Acquisition Boards
301(1)
Single- and Differential-Ended Connections
302(3)
Special Signal Conditioning Modules
305(1)
Data Acquisition Triggering
305(1)
Data Transfer
306(1)
Digital Input/Output Communication
306(7)
Serial Communications
307(2)
Parallel Communications
309(4)
Summary
313(8)
References
314(1)
Nomenclature
314(1)
Problems
315(6)
Temperature Measurements
321(70)
Introduction
321(1)
Historical Background
321(1)
Temperature Standards and Definition
322(3)
Temperature Scales and Standards
324(1)
Thermometry Based on Thermal Expansion
325(3)
Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
325(2)
Bimetallic Thermometers
327(1)
Electrical Resistance Thermometry
328(15)
Resistance Temperature Detectors
328(8)
Thermistors
336(7)
Thermomelectric Temperature Measurement
343(20)
Seebeck Effect
344(2)
Fundamental Thermocouple Laws
346(1)
Basic Temperature Measurement with Thermocouples
347(1)
Thermocouple Standards
348(2)
Thermocouple Voltage Measurement
350(8)
Multiple-Junction Thermocouple Circuits
358(5)
Radiative Temperature Measurements
363(5)
Radiation Fundamentals
363(2)
Radiation Detectors
365(1)
Radiative Temperature Measurements
366(1)
Optical Fiber Thermometers
367(1)
Physical Errors in Temperature Measurement
368(11)
Insertion Errors
368(3)
Conduction Errors
371(2)
Radiation Errors
373(4)
Recovery Errors in Temperature Measurement
377(2)
Summary
379(12)
References
380(1)
Nomenclature
381(1)
Problems
382(9)
Pressure and Velocity Measurements
391(48)
Introduction
391(1)
Pressure Concepts
391(3)
Pressure Reference Instruments
394(10)
McLeod Gauge
395(1)
Barometer
396(1)
Manometers
396(6)
Deadweight Testers
402(2)
Pressure Transducers
404(8)
Bourdon Tube
405(1)
Bellows and Capsule
406(2)
Diaphragms
408(4)
Pressure Transducer Calibration
412(2)
Static Calibration
412(1)
Dynamic Calibration
412(2)
Pressure Measurements in Moving Fluids
414(4)
Design and Installation: Transmission Effects
418(4)
Gases
419(2)
Liquids
421(1)
Heavily Damped Systems
421(1)
Fluid Velocity Measuring Systems
422(10)
Pitot-Static Pressure Probe
422(3)
Thermal Anemometry
425(3)
Doppler Anemometry
428(3)
Selection of Velocity Measuring Methods
431(1)
Summary
432(7)
References
432(2)
Nomenclature
434(1)
Problems
434(5)
Flow Measurements
439(46)
Introduction
439(1)
Historical Comments
439(1)
Flow Rate Concepts
440(2)
Volume Flow Rate through Velocity Determination
442(3)
Pressure Differential Meters
445(21)
Obstruction Meters
445(4)
Orifice Meter
449(1)
Venturi Meter
449(1)
Flow Nozzles
450(7)
Sonic Nozzles
457(2)
Obstruction Meter Selection
459(5)
Laminar Flow Elements
464(2)
Insertion Volume Flow Meters
466(7)
Electromagnetic Flow Meters
466(1)
Vortex Shedding Meters
467(3)
Rotameters
470(1)
Turbine Meters
471(1)
Positive Displacement Meters
472(1)
Mass Flow Meters
473(5)
Thermal Flow Meter
473(2)
Coriolis Flow Meter
475(3)
Flow Meter Calibration and Standards
478(1)
Summary
479(6)
References
479(1)
Nomenclature
480(1)
Problems
481(4)
Strain Measurement
485(42)
Introduction
485(1)
Stress and Strain
485(3)
Resistance Strain Gauges
488(8)
Metallic Gauges
489(6)
Semiconductor Strain Gauges
495(1)
Strain Gauge Electrical Circuits
496(4)
Practical Considerations for Strain Measurement
500(13)
Apparent Strain
500(3)
Bridge Constant
503(4)
Construction and Installation
507(3)
Analysis of Strain Gauge Data
510(3)
Optical Strain Measuring Techniques
513(6)
Basic Characteristics of Light
514(1)
Photoelastic Measurement
514(4)
Moire Methods
518(1)
Summary
519(8)
References
519(1)
Nomenclature
520(1)
Problems
521(6)
Metrology, Motion, Force and Power Measurements
527(48)
Introduction
527(1)
Dimensional Measurements: Metrology
527(9)
Principles of Linear Measurement
528(8)
Displacement Measurements
536(4)
Potentiometers
537(1)
Linear Variable Differential Transformers
537(3)
Measurement of Mass
540(5)
Measurement of Acceleration and Vibration
545(7)
Seismic Transducer
545(6)
Transducers for Shock and Vibration Measurement
551(1)
Velocity Measurements
552(8)
Linear Velocity Measurements
553(1)
Velocity from Displacement or Acceleration
553(4)
Angular Velocity Measurements
557(3)
Force Measurement
560(4)
Load Cells
560(4)
Torque Measurements
564(2)
Measurement of Torque on Rotating Shafts
565(1)
Mechanical Power Measurements
566(4)
Rotational Speed, Torque, and Shaft Power
566(2)
Cradled Dynamometers
568(2)
Summary
570(5)
References
571(1)
Nomenclature
571(1)
Problems
572(3)
APPENDIX A DATA ANALYSIS SOFTWARE 575(6)
A.1 Least-Squares Regression Analysis Program
575(2)
A.2 Discrete Fourier Transform
577(4)
APPENDIX B A GUIDE FOR TECHNICAL WRITING 581(8)
APPENDIX C PROPERTY DATA 589(7)
Glossary 596(7)
Index 603

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