With all the new research activity in manufacturing chemical products, this comprehensive book is very timely, as it summarises the latest trends in organic synthesis. It gives an insight into flow continuous processes, outlining the basic concepts and explaining the terminology of, and systems approach to, process design dealing with both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis and mini- or micro-reactors. The book contains case studies, extensive bibliographies and reference lists in each chapter to enable the reader to grasp the contents and to go on to more detailed texts on specific subjects if desired.

Engineering Factors for Efficient Flow Processes in Chemical Industries	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Heterogeneous Catalytic Flow Processes in the Petrochemical Industry: A Brief Overview	p. 5
Gas-solid and Liquid-solid Catalytic and Non-catalytic Continuous Processes	p. 5
Two-phase Gas-liquid Continuous Industrial Reactors	p. 6
Three-phase Catalytic Reactors	p. 9
Scale-up of Conventional Continuous Reactors	p. 16
Process Intensification: An Overview	p. 18
Process-intensifying Equipment	p. 19
Process-intensifying Methods	p. 21
Multifunctional Reactors	p. 21
Membrane Reactors	p. 23
Spinning Disk Reactor	p. 23
Engineering of Multifunctional, Micro- and Compact Reactors	p. 24
	p. 24
Principles of Multiphase Contacting in Micro-and Compact Reactors	p. 26
Heterogeneous Catalyst Design for Micro- and Compact Reactors	p. 28
Fabrication of Micro- and Compact Reactors	p. 30
Scale-up of Micro- and Compact Reactors	p. 32
Blockage of Microreactors	p. 33
Flow Distribution in Multiple Parallel Channels	p. 34
Concluding Remarks	p. 35
Symbols/Nomenclature	p. 36
References	p. 37
Flow Processes Using Polymer-supported Reagents, Scavengers and Catalysts	p. 44
Introduction	p. 44
Flow Processes with Use of Bead-type Resins	p. 50
Use of Gel-type Beads	p. 50
Use of Macroporous Beads	p. 55
Flow Processes with Use of Polymeric Monoliths	p. 58
General Remarks	p. 58
Monolithic Reagents and Scavengers	p. 59
Monolithic Non-chiral Catalysts	p. 62
Monolithic Chiral Catalysts	p. 64
Functionalised Polymers and Potential for Industrial Applications under Flow Conditions	p. 70
Scaling-up with Polymer-supported Systems	p. 70
Use of Ion Exchange Resins as Catalysts for Flow Processes	p. 70
Ongoing Developments and Future Prospective	p. 72
Multistage Flow Synthesis with Use of Coupled Columns Packed with Different Functionalised Polymers	p. 72
Flow Processes Involving Functionalised Polymers and Microwave Irradiation	p. 74
Flow Processes Involving Functionalised Polymers and Supercritical Fluids	p. 76
Polymer-supported Biocatalysts under Flow Conditions	p. 77
Miscellaneous Approaches	p. 77
References	p. 79
Zeolites and Related Materials for Developing Continuous Flow Systems	p. 86
Introduction	p. 86
Zeolites and Zeotypes: Outstanding Inorganic Materials for Heterogeneous Processes in Chemistry	p. 87
Current Industrial Applications of Zeolites and Related Materials	p. 90
Zeolites in Refining and Petrochemical Processes	p. 90
Current Applications in the Fine Chemicals Industry	p. 103
From Laboratory-scale to Production: Petrochemicals and Fine Chemicals	p. 111
Future and Industrial Perspectives	p. 113
References	p. 113
Microfluidic Devices for Organic Processes	p. 118
Microreactors and Microfluidic Devices: Concepts and Definitions	p. 118
Main Advantages of Microfluidic Devices	p. 119
Scale-up of Microflow Reactions	p. 120
Liquid-Liquid Reactions	p. 122
Photochemical Reactions	p. 122
Heterocycle Synthesis	p. 124
Synthesis of Bio-oligomers	p. 126
Multistep Reactions	p. 127
Free Radical Reactions	p. 129
Reactions Involving Hazardous Materials and Unstable Intermediates	p. 130
Biphasic Liquid-Liquid Reactions	p. 134
Liquid-Gas Reactions	p. 136
Oxidation with Ozone	p. 136
Singlet Oxygen Oxidation	p. 136
Fluorination	p. 137
Chlorination	p. 138
Cross-coupling Reactions	p. 138
Liquid-Gas-Solid Reactions	p. 140
Hydrogenation	p. 140
Reductive Amination	p. 141
Aminocarbonylation	p. 141
Alcohol Oxidation	p. 143
Solid Supports and Monolith-bound Reagents in Continuous Flow	p. 144
Solid-supported Reagents	p. 144
Solid-supported Catalysts	p. 150
Industrial Uses and Perspectives	p. 153
References	p. 157
Flow Processes in Non-Conventional Media	p. 163
The Need for Alternative Solvents in Flow Catalysis	p. 163
Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous Catalysis	p. 163
Continuous Flow Processing using Homogeneous Catalysis	p. 165
The Use of Solvents	p. 167
Traditional Solvents vs. Non-conventional Solvents	p. 168
Ionic Liquids	p. 168
The concept of Ionic Liquids	p. 168
Continuous Flow Catalysis using Ionic Liquids	p. 170
Supercritical Fluids	p. 179
Supercritical Fluids for Product Separation in Homogeneous Catalysis	p. 181
Recycling CO₂	p. 188
Final Remarks	p. 190
References	p. 191
Subject Index	p. 196
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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Chemical Reactions and Processes Under Flow Conditions

9780854041923

0854041923

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