9789004128576

With this book, Thomas Heberer has written the first in-depth analysis of entrepreneurs in China and Vietnam. Key question raised is the role played by entrepreneurs in the process of the recent astonishing political and economic change. Based on a survey among several hundreds of these entrepreneurs, the author convincingly argues that this strategic group has a strong desire for a true say in political decision making. As a body, a strategic group, they have indeed through various means come to exercise an important function in political development and change. It so becomes clear that over the past decades private entrepreneurs have grown into a primary leading, definitely distinct social group in terms of income and social status with considerable influence on all levels of society.

Thomas Heberer, Ph.D. (1977) in Social Sciences, University of Bremen, is Professor of Political Science and East Asian Studies at Gerhard-Mercator University, Duisburg and is currently Director of the Institute of Political Science.

Foreword

ix

PART ONE: THE APPROACH

China, Vietnam, Entrepreneurship and Social Change

1

(10)

Emergence of a new, economic elite

1

(2)

Entrepreneurship and social change

3

(4)

Research design and structure of this book

7

(1)

China and Vietnam: commonalities and differences

8

(3)

Privatization processes in China and Vietnam -- precondition for the emerging of new entrepreneurs

11

(34)

Privatization initiatives on the part of peasants through collective action and limited fence-breaking

11

(6)

Development and state of bottom-up privatization

17

(28)

China

18

(10)

Vietnam

28

(17)

Entrepreneurs as new economic and social actors

45

(15)

Entrepreneur as a category

46

(4)

Entrepreneurs -- a deviant group?

50

(3)

The discussion about entrepreneurs in China and Vietnam

53

(7)

The Chinese discussion

53

(5)

The Vietnamese discussion

58

(2)

Entrepreneurs as a social group: class, middle strata or strategic group?

60

(17)

Entrepreneur as a class

60

(2)

Entrepreneur as a ``Middle class'' likewise ``Middle strata''

62

(8)

Entrepreneurs as a strategic group

70

(7)

PART TWO: THE EMPIRICAL WORK: THE PROFILE OF THE STRATEGIC GROUP ENTREPRENEURS

Choice of the research localities, methodological procedures and frameworks in the regions studied

77

(27)

Choice of areas to be surveyed and methodological procedures

77

(7)

The survey in China

79

(1)

The survey in Vietnam

80

(3)

Practical research problems

83

(1)

Cooperation partners and institutional surveys

84

(1)

The framework conditions in the research areas

84

(12)

Framework conditions in the research areas of China

85

(2)

Framework conditions in the research areas of Vietnam

87

(2)

Framework conditions for the development of the private sector

89

(1)

China

89

(3)

Vietnam

92

(4)

The Development of the Private Sectors in the Regions Surveyed

96

(8)

Chinese survey areas

96

(3)

Vietnamese survey areas

99

(5)

Texture, Differentiation and Strategic Capital

104

(65)

Composition and Starting Conditions of the Interviewed Entrepreneurs

104

(65)

Age structure

104

(1)

Familial and social origins

105

(10)

Prerequisites for founding an enterprise: material factors

115

(5)

Prerequisites for founding a company: human capital

120

(1)

China

120

(8)

Vietnam

128

(2)

Preconditions for founding companies: social and strategic capital in the form of social relationships and networks

130

(1)

Guanxi as social capital

130

(4)

Networks as strategic group capital

134

(21)

Motivation to found a company

155

(14)

Relations with local government

169

(60)

Assessments of local policies by entrepreneurs

169

(11)

Negative impacts of the local bureaucracy on private sector companies

180

(10)

Associations representing the interests of entrepreneurs

190

(23)

Opportunities which entrepreneurs have to influence local politics

213

(16)

Cognitive patterns, interests and preferences

229

(56)

Social morality and social obligations

229

(37)

Money and social morality

229

(4)

Social obligations: entrepreneur and wage-dependent employees

233

(19)

Social obligations: entrepreneur and government

252

(6)

Attitudes towards income differences

258

(8)

The entrepreneurs' goals in life

266

(10)

Attitudes to the market economy

276

(9)

Political and participative basic attitudes

285

(28)

Comprehension of politics

285

(1)

Attitudes to political participation

286

(14)

Attitudes concerning the role of the Communist Party and of the state in the reconstruction towards market economy

300

(13)

PART THREE: THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

Summary of the most important conclusions: Group profile of the entrepreneurs

313

(10)

The transformative potential of entrepreneurs as the precondition for strategy formation

323

(7)

Entrepreneurs as social group

330

(10)

The societal volume of capital as strategy capital

330

(10)

Summary: Entrepreneurs as a ``strategic group''

340

(25)

Group cohesion

347

(2)

Group aims

349

(2)

Law, legislation and organized anarchy: strategic groups as players in the legal domain

351

(8)

Conclusion: Entrepreneurs as strategic group and political change

359

(6)

References

365

(26)

Index

391

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Private Entrepreneurs in China and Vietnam

9004128573

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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