9780195150926

In an age of mounting energy crises, James A. Fay and Dan S. Golomb's Energy and the Environment offers a timely treatment of a critical problem in urban-industrial societies: the worldwide growth of energy use and the destructive relationship between this energy use and environmentaldegradation. This comprehensive text provides the scientific and technological background for understanding how our ever-increasing use of energy threatens the natural environment at local, regional, and global scales and how this threat could be mitigated by more efficient use of conventionalenergy sources and their replacement by renewable energy sources. Designed for upper-level undergraduate and first-year graduate students, Energy and the Environment is essential reading for students and professionals in energy and environmental sciences and technology. Features BL Describes energy technologies and their effectiveness in transforming fossil, nuclear, and renewable energy into useful mechanical or electrical power BL Emphasizes the generation of electric power and the technological improvements that increase power generation efficiency and reduce air pollutant emissions from power plants BL Examines the use of energy in the transportation sector and how vehicle design and engine efficiency improvements could reduce fuel use and pollutant emissions BL Objectively surveys the field of renewable energy technologies and the prospects of increasing the share of renewable energy among all energy sources BL Analyzes the energy sources of toxic emissions to air, water, and land and their effects on environmental quality at local and regional scales BL Examines global climate change, energy consumption's contribution to it, and the salient technologies being developed to mitigate this effect BL Equips engineering majors, science majors, and professionals with the basic facts needed to develop solutions to these pressing environmental problems

List of Tables

Foreword

xvii

Preface

xix

Energy and the Environment

(11)

Introduction

(5)

An Overview of This Text

(4)

Energy

(4)

Electric Power

(1)

Transportation Energy

(1)

Energy as a Commodity

(1)

The Environment

(2)

Managing Industrial Pollution

(1)

Global Energy Use and Supply

(18)

Introduction

(1)

Global Energy Consumption

(2)

Global Energy Sources

(2)

Global Electricity Consumption

(2)

Global Carbon Emissions

(1)

End-Use Energy Consumption in the United States

(3)

Industrial Sector

(1)

Residential Sector

(1)

Commercial Sector

(1)

Transportation Sector

(1)

Global Energy Supply

(5)

Coal Reserves

(2)

Petroleum Reserves

(1)

Unconventional Petroleum Resources

(1)

Natural Gas Reserves

(1)

Unconventional Gas Resources

(1)

Summary of Fossil Reserves

(1)

Conclusion

(3)

Problems

(1)

Bibliography

(1)

Thermodynamic Principles of Energy Conversion

(39)

Introduction

(1)

The Forms of Energy

(2)

The Mechanical Energy of Macroscopic Bodies

(1)

The Energy of Atoms and Molecules

(1)

Chemical and Nuclear Energy

(1)

Electric and Magnetic Energy

(1)

Total Energy

(1)

Work and Heat Interactions

(2)

Work Interaction

(1)

Heat Interaction

(1)

The First Law of Thermodynamics

(1)

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

(1)

Thermodynamic Properties

(2)

Steady Flow

(1)

Heat Transfer and Heat Exchange

(2)

Combustion of Fossil Fuel

(4)

Fuel Heating Value

(3)

Ideal Heat Engine Cycles

(11)

The Carnot Cycle

(2)

The Rankine Cycle

(3)

The Otto Cycle

(2)

The Brayton Cycle

(2)

Combined Brayton and Rankine Cycles

(1)

The Vapor Compression Cycle: Refrigeration and Heat Pumps

(2)

Fuel Cells

(4)

Fuel (Thermal) Efficiency

(1)

Synthetic Fuels

(2)

The Hydrogen Economy

(1)

Conclusion

(4)

Problems

(2)

Bibliography

(1)

Electrical Energy Generation, Transmission, and Storage

(19)

Introduction

(3)

Electromechanical Power Transformation

(4)

Electric Power Transmission

(2)

AC/DC Conversion

(1)

Energy Storage

(7)

Electrostatic Energy Storage

(2)

Magnetic Energy Storage

(1)

Electrochemical Energy Storage

(2)

Mechanical Energy Storage

(1)

Properties of Energy Storage Systems

(1)

Conclusion

(3)

Problems

(1)

Bibliography

(1)

Fossil-Fueled Power Plants

(32)

Introduction

(1)

Fossil-Fueled Power Plant Components

(24)

Fuel Storage and Preparation

(1)

Burner

(1)

Boiler

(2)

Steam Turbine

(1)

Impulse Turbine

(1)

Reaction Turbine

(1)

Gas Turbine

(1)

Condenser

(1)

Cooling Tower

(1)

Wet Cooling Tower

(1)

Dry Cooling Tower

(1)

Generator

(1)

Emission Control

(1)

Control of Products of Incomplete Combustion and Carbon Monoxide

(1)

Particle Control

(5)

Sulfur Control

104

(5)

Nitrogen Oxide Control

109

(3)

Toxic Emissions

112

(1)

Waste Disposal

112

(1)

Advanced Cycles

113

(3)

Combined Cycle

113

(1)

Coal Gasification Combined Cycle

114

(1)

Cogeneration

115

(1)

Fuel Cell

116

(1)

Conclusion

116

(4)

Problems

117

(2)

Bibliography

119

(1)

Nuclear-Fueled Power Plants

120

(23)

Introduction

120

(1)

Nuclear Energy

121

(1)

Radioactivity

122

(5)

Decay Rates and Half-Lives

124

(1)

Units and Dosage

124

(2)

Biological Effects of Radiation

126

(1)

Radiation Protection Standards

126

(1)

Nuclear Reactors

127

(7)

Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)

129

(1)

Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)

130

(2)

Gas-Cooled Reactor (GCR)

132

(1)

Breeder Reactor (BR)

132

(2)

Nuclear Fuel Cycle

134

(4)

Mining and Refining

134

(1)

Gasification and Enrichment

135

(1)

Spent Fuel Reprocessing and Temporary Waste Storage

136

(1)

Permanent Waste Disposal

137

(1)

Fusion

138

(2)

Magnetic Confinement

139

(1)

Laser Fusion

139

(1)

Summary

140

(3)

Problems

141

(1)

Bibliography

142

(1)

Renewable Energy

143

(45)

Introduction

143

(2)

Hydropower

145

(3)

Environmental Effects

148

(1)

Biomass

148

(4)

Environmental Effects

151

(1)

Geothermal Energy

152

(3)

Environmental Effects

154

(1)

Solar Energy

155

(11)

The Flat Plate Collector

159

(2)

Focusing Collectors

161

(3)

Photovoltaic Cells

164

(2)

Wind Power

166

(6)

Environmental Effects

172

(1)

Tidal Power

172

(4)

Environmental Effects

176

(1)

Ocean Wave Power

176

(4)

Ocean Thermal Power

180

(1)

Capital Cost of Renewable Electric Power

181

(2)

Conclusion

183

(5)

Problems

183

(3)

Bibliography

186

(2)

Transportation

188

(38)

Introduction

188

(3)

Internal Combustion Engines for Highway Vehicles

191

(4)

Combustion in SI and CI Engines

193

(2)

Engine Power and Performance

195

(4)

Engine Efficiency

197

(2)

Vehicle Power and Performance

199

(4)

Connecting the Engine to the Wheels

201

(2)

Vehicle Fuel Efficiency

203

(5)

U.S. Vehicle Fuel Efficiency Regulations and Test Cycles

203

(2)

Improving Vehicle Fuel Economy

205

(1)

Improving Vehicle Performance

205

(2)

Improving Engine Performance

207

(1)

Electric Drive Vehicles

208

(6)

Vehicles Powered by Storage Batteries

208

(2)

Hybrid Vehicles

210

(1)

Fuel Cell Vehicles

211

(3)

Vehicle Emissions

214

(8)

U.S. Vehicle Emission Standards

214

(2)

Reducing Vehicle Emissions

216

(2)

Reducing Engine-Out Emissions

218

(1)

Catalytic Converters for Exhaust Gas Treatment

218

(2)

Evaporative Emissions

220

(1)

Reducing CI Engine Emissions

221

(1)

Fuel Quality and Its Regulation

221

(1)

Conclusion

222

(4)

Problems

223

(2)

Bibliography

225

(1)

Environmental Effects of Fossil Fuel Use

226

(41)

Introduction

226

(1)

Air Pollution

227

(31)

U.S. Emission Standards

228

(3)

U.S. Ambient Standards

231

(2)

Health and Environmental Effects of Fossil-Fuel-Related Air Pollutants

233

(1)

Air-Quality Modeling

234

(1)

Air Pollution Meteorology

235

(2)

Modeling of Steady-State Point Source

237

(2)

Plume Rise

239

(1)

Steady-State Line Source

240

(1)

Steady-State Area Source

241

(1)

Photo-oxidants

242

(2)

Photo-oxidant Modeling

244

(3)

Acid Deposition

247

(4)

Acid Deposition Modeling

251

(2)

Transfer Coefficients

253

(2)

Source Apportionment

255

(1)

Regional Haze and Visibility Impairment

256

(2)

Water Pollution

258

(4)

Acid Mine Drainage and Coal Washing

258

(1)

Solid Waste from Power Plants

259

(1)

Water Use and Thermal Pollution from Power Plants

260

(1)

Atmospheric Deposition of Toxic Pollutants onto Surface Waters

260

(1)

Toxic Metals

260

(1)

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

261

(1)

Land Pollution

262

(1)

Conclusion

262

(5)

Problems

263

(3)

Bibliography

266

(1)

Global Warming

267

(31)

Introduction

267

(2)

What Is the Greenhouse Effect?

269

(10)

Solar and Terrestrial Radiation

269

(1)

Sun-Earth-Space Radiative Equilibrium

270

(2)

Modeling Global Warming

272

(2)

Feedback Effects

274

(1)

Water Vapor Feedback

274

(1)

Cloud-Radiation Feedback

275

(1)

Aerosol Feedback

275

(1)

Ice-Albedo Feedback

275

(1)

Ocean Circulation Feedback

275

(1)

Results of Global Warming Modeling

276

(1)

Observed Trend of Global Warming

276

(1)

Other Effects of Global Warming

277

(1)

Sea Level Rise

277

(1)

Climate Changes

278

(1)

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

279

(4)

Carbon Dioxide Emissions and the Carbon Cycle

279

(2)

Methane

281

(1)

Nitrous Oxide

281

(1)

Chlorofluorocarbons

282

(1)

Ozone

282

(1)

GHG Control

283

(1)

Controlling CO2 Emissions

283

(11)

End-Use Efficiency Improvements and Conservation

283

(1)

Supply-Side Efficiency Improvements

284

(1)

CO2 Capture

285

(1)

Air Separation-CO2 Recycling

285

(1)

Solvent Absorption

286

(1)

Membrane Separation

287

(1)

CO2 Sequestration

288

(1)

Depleted Oil and Gas Reservoirs

288

(1)

Deep Ocean

289

(3)

Deep Aquifers

292

(1)

CO2 Utilization

292

(2)

Shift to Non-fossil Energy Sources

294

(1)

Conclusion

294

(4)

Problems

296

(1)

Bibliography

297

(1)

Concluding Remarks

298

(5)

Energy Resources

298

(1)

Regulating the Environmental Effects of Energy Use

299

(1)

Global Warming

300

(3)

Appendix A Measuring Energy

303

(4)

Index

307

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Energy and the Environment

0195150929

Summary

Table of Contents

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