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9780314144096

International Environmental Law in a Nutshell

by ;
  • ISBN13:

    9780314144096

  • ISBN10:

    0314144099

  • Edition: 2nd
  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 2003-06-01
  • Publisher: West Academic

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Summary

Sources and Forms of International Environmental Law; Implementation; Population; Biodiversity; Global Climate Change; Ozone Depletion; Antarctica; Toxic and Hazardous Substances; Land-Based Pollution; Vessel-Based Pollution; Dumping; Conservation of Marine Living Resources; Transboundary Air Pollution; Transboundary Water Pollution; Desertification Nuclear Damage; The Future of EIL.

Table of Contents

Preface iii
Acknowledgments vii
Table of Treaties
xxv
Sources and Forms of International Environmental Law
1(29)
Treaties
4(10)
Interpretation of Treaties
8(4)
Conflict With Other Treaties
12(2)
Custom
14(5)
General Principles of Law
19(2)
Judicial Decisions
21(3)
Other Sources of Law
24(6)
The Historical Continuum
30(18)
The Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment 1972
30(5)
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982
35(2)
World Commission on Environment and Development
37(2)
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development 1992
39(4)
World Summit on Sustainable Development 2002 (WSSD)
43(5)
Implementation
48(57)
Institutions and Organizations
49(10)
Global Organizations
50(3)
Regional Organizations
53(1)
Specific Treaty Organizations
54(1)
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOS)
55(4)
Compliance Mechanisms
59(5)
Diplomatic Avenues
64(1)
Judicial Remedies
65(29)
Jurisdiction
67(4)
Accountability for Transboundary Environmental Harms
71(1)
Application of SR
72(1)
Fault Liability
73(1)
Strict and Absolute Liability
74(2)
Attribution, Causation, Exhaustion of Local Remedies, and Reparation
76(3)
Trail Smelter Arbitration
79(2)
International Liability for Injurious Consequences Arising Out Of Acts Not Prohibited By International Law
81(3)
Civil Liability
84(2)
Treaty Overlay
86(3)
Civil Liability Litigation
89(3)
Conclusion
92(2)
The Effectiveness of International Environmental Law
94(2)
Institutional Concerns
94(2)
The Relationship Between IEL and Domestic Law
96(9)
Treaties and Domestic Law
97(4)
Custom and Domestic Law
101(4)
Population
105(22)
Nature of Population Growth
105(3)
Decreasing Resources
108(3)
Environmental Threats
111(5)
Remedial Objectives
116(5)
Theories on Population Growth
116(1)
The Malthusian Apocalypse
116(2)
Neo-Malthusian, Economic Transition and Redistributional Theories of Population Growth
118(2)
The Way Forward
120(1)
Legal Response
121(6)
Biodiversity
127(47)
Nature of the Problem
127(2)
Environmental Impacts
129(2)
Causes
131(1)
Remedial Objectives
132(1)
Legal Response
133(41)
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
133(2)
Principles of Equity and Resource Transfers
135(1)
Common Concern of Humankind
136(1)
Access to Genetic Resources
137(2)
Biotechnology
139(3)
Financial Transfers
142(1)
Principles of Sustainable Development (Conservation and Sustainable Use)
143(2)
All Parties (Including Developing Countries)
145(2)
Developed Countries
147(1)
Institutions
148(1)
Relationship to Other Conventions
149(2)
Cartegena Protocol on Biosafety
151(5)
International Treaties Related to Biological Diversity
156(1)
The 1973 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES)
156(1)
Commitments
157(3)
Continued Trade in Listed Species
160(2)
The 1972 UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of The World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention)
162(3)
The 1971 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention)
165(3)
The 1979 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn Convention)
168(3)
Regional Treaties and Agreements Related to Biodiversity
171(3)
Global Climate Change
174(52)
Climatic Facts
174(6)
Increasing GHG Emissions
175(2)
A Warming Trend
177(3)
Human Culpability
180(5)
The Nay Sayers
181(4)
Possible Impacts
185(3)
Remedial Objectives
188(3)
Legal Response
191(35)
Substantive Obligations
191(1)
UNFCCC
191(1)
History and Overview
191(2)
The Comprehensive Approach
193(2)
Commitments
195(2)
The Kyoto Protocol
197(1)
History
198(2)
Overview & Assessment
200(1)
Institutions and Implementation
201(1)
Conference of the Parties (COP)
201(3)
Secretariat
204(1)
Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice
204(1)
Subsidiary Body for Implementation
205(1)
Financial Mechanism
205(2)
Outstanding Issues
207(1)
Joint Implementation
207(4)
Technology Transfers & Financing
211(2)
Adaptation
213(2)
Costs & Benefits
215(4)
Implications
219(1)
Research and Development in Alternative Energy
219(2)
An Inclusive Convention
221(1)
Realistic Long-Term Implementation Strategies
222(4)
Ozone Depletion
226(20)
The Nature of the Problem
227(2)
Causes of the Problem
229(3)
Environmental Impacts
232(1)
Remedial Objectives
233(2)
Legal Response
235(9)
The Vienna Ozone Convention
235(1)
The Montreal Protocol
236(1)
Adjustments and Amendments
237(5)
Transfers
242(1)
Trade Restrictions
243(1)
Technological and Financial Assistance
244(1)
The Impact of the Regime
244(2)
Antarctica
246(28)
Geophysical Sketch
246(4)
Scientific and Archeological Importance
250(1)
Economic Concerns
251(2)
Environmental Issues
253(2)
Geo--Political Significance
255(1)
Legal Response
256(18)
Overview
256(3)
The 1959 Antarctic Treaty
259(1)
The 1972 Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (1972 Seals Convention)
260(2)
1980 Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (1980 CCAMLR)
262(2)
1988 Antarctic Mineral Resources Convention (CRAMRA)
264(1)
1991 Antarctic Environment Protocol
265(2)
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
267(1)
Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora
268(1)
Waste Disposal and Management
269(1)
Prevention of Marine Pollution
270(1)
Area Protection and Management
271(3)
Toxic and Hazardous Substances
274(46)
Nature of the Problem
274(3)
Sources
277(3)
Environmental Impacts & Pathways
280(7)
Impacts
280(5)
Pathways
285(2)
Remedial Objectives
287(8)
Legal Response
295(25)
Toxic and Hazardous Substances in General
295(1)
Prior Informed Consent
296(1)
2002 FAO International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides
296(4)
1987 UNEP London Guidelines for the Exchange of Information on Chemicals in International Trade (1987 UNEP London Guidelines)
300(3)
Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (Rotterdam Convention)
303(3)
Hazardous Wastes
306(1)
Transboundary Movement
306(1)
The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (Basel Convention)
307(1)
Environmentally Sound Management
307(1)
Transboundary Movement
308(5)
The Convention on the Ban of Imports Into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes Within Africa (Bamako Convention)
313(1)
The International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea (HNS Convention)
314(1)
Elimination and Reductions at Source
315(3)
Other Regional Agreements
318(2)
Land-Based Pollution
320(20)
Nature of the Problem
320(1)
Sources and Environmental Impacts
321(5)
Remedial Objectives
326(2)
Legal Response
328(12)
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
328(2)
Montreal Guidelines for the Protection of the Marine Environment Against Pollution From Land-Based Sources
330(1)
The Global Program of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment From Land-Based Activities and the Washington Declaration on Protection of the Marine Environment From Land-Based Activities
331(2)
Regional Treaties
333(7)
Vessel-Based Pollution
340(28)
Nature of the Problem
340(4)
Environmental Impacts
344(2)
Harm Caused by the Physical Properties of Oil
344(1)
Harm Caused by the Toxic Properties of Oil
345(1)
Causes of Vessel-Based Oil Pollution
346(2)
Remedial Objectives
348(2)
Legal Response
350(1)
Operational Pollution
350(1)
The 1973/1978 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships (MARPOL)
350(18)
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
355(3)
Accidental Pollution
358(1)
International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation (OPRC)
359(1)
International Convention Relating To Intervention on the High Seas In Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties (1969 Intervention Convention and 1973 Protocol)
360(2)
Protocol on Preparedness, Response and Cooperation for Pollution Incidents by Hazardous and Noxious Substances, 2000 (HNS Protocol)
362(1)
Liability
363(1)
State Responsibility
363(1)
Civil Liability
363(1)
1969 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (1969 CLC)
363(3)
International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (1971 Fund Convention)
366(2)
Dumping
368(14)
Nature of the Problem
368(1)
Sources and Environmental Impacts
369(1)
Remedial Objectives
370(1)
Legal Response
371(11)
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
372(1)
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (1972 London Convention)
372(4)
1996 Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, 1972
376(4)
Regional Treaties
380(2)
Conservation of Marine Living Resources
382(32)
Nature of the Problem
382(1)
Sources and Impacts
383(5)
Remedial Objectives
388(4)
Legal Response
392(22)
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
392(1)
Overview
392(1)
Dispute Settlement under UNCLOS---The Bluefin Tuna Case
392(3)
Jurisdiction Zones
395(1)
Territorial Sea
395(1)
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
396(2)
Continental Shelf
398(1)
High Seas
398(1)
The Species Approach
399(1)
Straddling Stocks
400(2)
Highly Migratory Species (HMS)
402(1)
Marine Mammals
403(1)
The Special Case of Seals
404(1)
Anadromous Species
405(1)
Catadromous Species
406(1)
UNEP Regional Seas Programme
406(2)
International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW)
408(3)
Driftnet Fishing
411(3)
Transboundary Air Pollution
414(20)
Nature of the Problem
414(1)
Causes and Sources
415(1)
Environmental Impacts
415(3)
Remedial Objectives
418(1)
Legal Response
419(15)
Custom
419(2)
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP)
421(1)
Overview
421(3)
Sulphur Emissions
424(1)
Nitrogen Oxides
425(2)
Volatile Organic Compounds
427(1)
United States---Canada
428(3)
United States---Mexico
431(3)
Transboundary Water Pollution
434(37)
Nature of the Problem
434(2)
Sources of Environmental Harm
436(2)
Environmental Impacts
438(2)
Remedial Measures
440(1)
Legal Response
440(31)
Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses
440(3)
Communication: Notification, Consultation and Negotiation
443(3)
Equitable Utilization
446(5)
Obligation Not to Cause Transboundary Harm
451(2)
Further Protections
453(1)
The Question of Groundwater
454(1)
Regional and Bilateral Agreements
455(1)
1992 ECE Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and Lakes (ECE Treaty)
456(4)
The Rhine
460(3)
United States---Canada
463(3)
United States---Mexico
466(5)
Desertification
471(13)
Nature of the Problem
471(2)
Impacts of Desertification
473(1)
Causes of Desertification
474(2)
Remedial Objectives
476(1)
Legal Response
477(7)
Commitments
478(1)
Developing Countries
478(2)
Developed Countries
480(1)
Implementation
480(4)
Nuclear Damage
484(55)
Nature of the Problem
484(10)
Use and Testing of Nuclear Weapons
486(5)
Civilian Nuclear Energy
491(2)
Nuclear Waste
493(1)
Remedial Objectives
494(2)
Legal Response
496(43)
Use and Testing of Nuclear Weapons
497(1)
Treaty Overlay
497(2)
Nuclear Testing
499(5)
Disarmed Nuclear Materials
504(6)
Customary Law
510(1)
Nuclear Testing
510(10)
Use of Nuclear Weapons
520(3)
Civilian Nuclear Energy
523(1)
Nuclear Safety
523(1)
1994 Convention on Nuclear Safety
524(3)
The 1986 IAEA Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident (Notification Convention)
527(1)
The 1986 IAEA Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency (Assistance Convention)
528(1)
Liability
529(1)
State Responsibility
529(3)
Civil Liability
532(7)
The Future of IEL
539(22)
Foundational & Systemic Norms
540(7)
Sustainable Development
540(2)
The Common Law of Humankind
542(5)
Primary Rules and Principles
547(9)
Principles
547(2)
Rules
549(2)
Embryonic Rules and Principles
551(3)
Clash of Primary Obligations
554(2)
Secondary Rules and State Responsibility
556(1)
The Actors in IEL
557(4)
Appendix 561(28)
Index 589

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