9781551118161

In Canadian Foreign Policy: Defining the National Interest Steven Holloway puts the "policy" back into"foreign policy." By returning to the National Interest Perspective (NIP), this book provides an important method of analysis for foreign policy issues. As adopted here, the NIP forces the reader to think explicitly about the goals of government action and the assumptions that underlie them. This approach requires planning ahead and prioritizing Canadian objectives. It demands that Canada set aside the preoccupation with the interests of each societal group, province, or region, and think about what is to the benefit of all Canadians. No matter how dissonant the resulting broad public debate might be, Steven Holloway advocates the importance of finding general, large-scale interests that unite the national political community. For the reader, this book organizes and simplifies the various threads of Canada's foreign relations by concentrating them into a handful of enduring themes or national interests: national security (including territorial sovereignty), political autonomy, national unity, economic prosperity, and principled self-image (identity).

List of Tables and Figures

ix

Introduction to the National Interest Perspective

1

(4)

Defining the National Interest

5

(16)

State, Nation, and Government

6

(3)

National Interest

9

(1)

Problems with the Statist Approach

10

(1)

National Interests as a Normative Concept

11

(1)

Specifying the National Interest Perspective

12

(4)

The Question of Priorities

16

(1)

Defining the Canadian National Interest

17

(1)

Conclusion

18

(3)

Sovereignty and Secure Borders

21

(16)

Establishing Secure Boundaries

22

(6)

Territorial Waters

28

(5)

Case Study: Fish Wars on the Grand Banks

33

(1)

The Future of Sovereignty

34

(3)

Defining the Enemy and National Defence

37

(12)

The American Threat

38

(1)

Confederation and the British Commitment

39

(2)

Militarism and Imperialism in Canada

41

(1)

Germany as the Enemy

42

(2)

Analysis of Threats to Canada pre-1945

44

(5)

Defining the New Enemy: From the Cold War to Jihad

49

(34)

Canadian Perceptions of the Soviet Threat

53

(4)

Defending against Direct Attack

57

(2)

North American Air Defence Command (NORAD)

59

(3)

NORAD and Missile Defence

62

(3)

Defending Europe: Canada and NATO

65

(4)

Case Study: Canada in Afghanistan

69

(2)

Terrorism and Homeland Security

71

(6)

Conclusion

77

(6)

International Security and Alternatives to Traditional Defence: Neutrality, Disarmament, Collective Security, and Peacekeeping

83

(32)

Neutrality

83

(3)

Disarmament

86

(2)

Collective Security

88

(13)

Peacekeeping: ``Economy-Sized'' Global Security

101

(6)

Case Study: The Bosnian War

107

(3)

Peacekeeping Reform and International Institution-building

110

(2)

Conclusion

112

(3)

Achieving Political Autonomy

115

(16)

Achieving Political Autonomy: Canada and the United Kingdom

118

(1)

The Struggle for Responsible Government

118

(1)

Tariff Autonomy

119

(1)

The Dominion of Canada

120

(1)

The High Commissioner for Canada

121

(1)

Chamberlain Imperialism

122

(1)

World War I and the Crisis in Consultation

123

(1)

The United States as Counterweight

124

(3)

Final Stages to Complete Independence

127

(1)

Conclusion

127

(4)

Preserving Political Autonomy

131

(22)

Mackenzie King in the Aftermath of World War II

132

(1)

Growing Elite Tensions under St. Laurent

133

(3)

Diefenbaker: ``The Lament'' Version

136

(1)

Diefenbaker Reassessed

137

(2)

The Clash with Kennedy

139

(2)

Case Study: The Nuclear Weapons Controversy

141

(4)

Political Conflicts under Pearson

145

(2)

Enhanced Autonomy under Trudeau

147

(3)

Conclusion

150

(3)

Defending Economic and Cultural Autonomy

153

(24)

Economic Dependence: Trade

153

(2)

Economic Dependence: Foreign Investment

155

(3)

Investment Regulations under St. Laurent and Diefenbaker

158

(1)

Pearson and the First Attempts to Repatriate the Canadian Economy

159

(1)

Trudeau and the Nationalist Peak

160

(3)

Repatriating the Oil Industry

163

(3)

The Mulroney Revolution

166

(2)

Protecting Canadian Cultural Autonomy

168

(3)

The Challenge of Technological Advances

171

(2)

Conclusions: Business and Culture

173

(4)

Preserving National Unity

177

(16)

History of the Two Solitudes

177

(4)

The Role of External Parties

181

(1)

Domestic and Constitutional Factors

181

(3)

Separation PQ-style

184

(1)

Canadian Foreign Policy without Quebec

184

(5)

The External Dimension Returns

189

(1)

Conclusion

190

(3)

Ensuring Economic Growth and Welfare

193

(30)

Economic Policy Tools

193

(4)

A Brief History of Canadian Trade Policy

197

(6)

The United States and Canadian Trade after World War II

203

(3)

The Free Trade Agreement with the United States

206

(4)

The Problem of Trade Remedy Disputes

210

(2)

Case Study: Softwood Lumber

212

(3)

Meanwhile ... The Global Economy

215

(2)

Assessing NAFTA and Canadian Economic Growth in the Twenty-first Century

217

(3)

Conclusion

220

(3)

The Projection of Canadian Identity as a National Interest

223

(18)

Canadian Aid Policy: The Long Road to Sustainable Development and Beyond

225

(3)

General Aspects of Official Development Aid

228

(2)

A Brief History of Canadian ODA: The Early Years

230

(1)

ODA Professionalization under Trudeau

231

(1)

ODA in the Conservative: Years 1984 to 1993

232

(1)

The Liberals Return: 1993 to 2005

233

(1)

Evaluating ODA Policies

233

(3)

Summary of Canadian Identity

236

(5)

Canadian National Interests: From the Realm of Ideas to the Realm of Practices

241

(10)

The Process of Canadian Foreign Policy

241

(3)

A Finely Balanced Mobile

244

(3)

Economic Prosperity

247

(1)

Critique of the National Interest Perspective

248

(3)

Appendix: Canadian and US Leaders since 1861

251

(2)

Glossary

253

(6)

Bibliography

259

(6)

Index

265

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Canadian Foreign Policy

1551118165

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