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9781849730204

Fundamentals of Photovoltaic Modules and Their Applications

by ; ;
  • ISBN13:

    9781849730204

  • ISBN10:

    1849730202

  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2010-03-15
  • Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry

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Summary

Presently there is no single publication available which covers the topics related to photovoltaic (PV) or photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) technologies, thermal modelling, CO2 mitigation and carbon trading. This book disseminates the current knowledge in the fundamentals of solar energy, photovoltaic (PV) or photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) technologies, energy security and climate change and is aimed at undergraduate and postgraduate students and professionals. The main emphasis of the book is on the design, construction, performance and application of PV and PV/T from the electricity and thermal standpoint. Hot topics covered in the book include: energy security of a nation, climate change, CO2 mitigation and carbon credit earned by using PV or PV/T technologies (Carbon Trading). This information will prove helpful in filling the gap between the researchers and professionals working on the application of photovoltaic and global climate change. It also covers economic, cost effective and sustainable aspects of photovoltaic technologies. The book gives a detailed history of the new technological developments in PV/T systems worldwide with system photographs and references and elaborates on the fundamentals of hybrid systems and their performances with thermal modelling. Energy and exergy analysis, techno-economic analysis and carbon trading are key chapters for research professionals. The book also includes important case studies to aid understanding of the subject for all readers.

Table of Contents

Solar Radiationp. 1
Introductionp. 1
The Sunp. 1
The Earthp. 2
Earth's Atmospherep. 2
Measurement of Solar Radiation on Earth's Surfacep. 5
Pyrheliometerp. 5
Pyranometerp. 6
Sunshine Recorderp. 7
Sun-Earth Anglesp. 8
Zenith Angle (¿ z)p. 8
Solar Altitude (¿)p. 9
Solar Azimuth Angle (¿Sun)p. 9
Wall Azimuth Angle (¿wall)p. 9
Solar Declination (¿)p. 10
Latitude (¿) and Longitude (Lt)p. 11
Hour Angle (¿)p. 14
Solar Timep. 15
Angle of Incidencep. 17
Solar Radiation on a Horizontal Surfacep. 19
Solar Radiation on an Inclined Surfacep. 23
Problemsp. 28
Referencesp. 28
History of PV-integrated Systemsp. 29
Introductionp. 29
History of PV/T Air Heatingp. 30
PV Integrated with Air Collectorp. 30
Ventilated BIPV Systemp. 33
History of PV/T Water Heatingp. 42
Temperature-dependent Electrical Performance of PV Modulep. 59
PV Module Efficiency as a Function of the Operating Temperaturep. 60
PV Power Output Dependence on Module Operating Temperaturep. 61
Artificial Intelligence Techniques for PV systemsp. 63
Artificial Neural Networksp. 68
Fuzzy Logicp. 69
Genetic Algorithmp. 70
Waveletp. 70
Hybrid Systemsp. 71
Market Potential of PV/T Systemsp. 71
Problemsp. 73
Referencesp. 73
Solar Cell Materials and Their Characteristicsp. 81
Introductionp. 81
First Generationp. 83
Second Generationp. 83
Third Generationp. 83
Dopingp. 84
Fermi Levelp. 84
p-n Junctionp. 85
Forward Biasp. 86
Reverse Biasp. 87
p-n Junction Characteristicsp. 88
Photovoltaic Effectp. 90
Photovoltaic Materialp. 91
Siliconp. 91
Cadmium Telluride (CdTe)p. 93
Copper-Indium Selenide (CuInSe2)p. 93
Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) Multijunctionp. 93
Single Crystal Solar Cellp. 94
Light-absorbing Dyesp. 95
Organic/Polymer Solar Cellsp. 95
Nanocrystalline Solar Cellsp. 95
Low-cost Solar Cellsp. 96
Basic Parameters of Solar Cellsp. 96
Overall Current (I)p. 96
Short Circuit Current (Isc)p. 97
Open Circuit Voltage (Voc)p. 97
I-V Characteristicsp. 97
Fill Factor (FF)p. 98
Maximum Power (Pmax)p. 98
Solar Cell Efficiency (¿ec)p. 99
Limits to Cell Efficiencyp. 100
Determination of Rsp. 102
Determination of Rpp. 103
Thin-film Solar Cellp. 103
Amorphous Si Solar Cells (a-SiH)p. 103
Tandem Solar Cellsp. 103
Concentrating Solar Cellsp. 103
Effect of Cell Temperature on Cell Efficiencyp. 103
Current Research on Materials and Devicesp. 104
Silicon Processingp. 105
Thin-film Processingp. 105
Polymer Processingp. 106
Nanoparticle Processingp. 106
Transparent Conductorsp. 106
Silicon Wafer-based Solar Cellsp. 107
Problemsp. 108
Referencesp. 108
PV Array Analysisp. 110
Introductionp. 110
Photovoltaic (PV) Module and Arrayp. 111
Theory and Constructionp. 112
Single Crystal Solar Cells Modulep. 114
Packing Factor (ßc) of a PV Modulep. 115
Efficiency of a PV/T Modulep. 115
Applicationsp. 117
PV Performancep. 119
Solar Photovoltaic Panels on Spacecraftp. 121
Series and Parallel Combinationsp. 122
Balance of PV Arrayp. 123
Partial Shading of Solar Cell and Modulep. 123
Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT)p. 126
International Status of PV Power Generationp. 126
Problemsp. 128
Referencesp. 128
Role of Batteries and Their Usesp. 130
Introductionp. 130
Fundamental Principlesp. 132
Electro-chemical Actionp. 133
Physical Constructionp. 134
Voltagep. 135
Specific Gravityp. 136
Specific Gravity Correctionsp. 136
Capacityp. 137
Discharge Characteristicsp. 139
Charging Characteristicsp. 140
Selection of PV Batteryp. 141
Batteries Commonly Used for PV Applicationsp. 142
Battery Installation, Operation and Maintenancep. 142
Battery Protection and Regulating Circuitsp. 144
Battery Simulation and Sizingp. 146
Battery Lifetime in a PV Systemp. 146
Charging State of PV-powered Storage Batteriesp. 148
General Termsp. 151
Efficiencyp. 151
Local Actionp. 151
Gassingp. 151
Mossingp. 152
Sedimentp. 152
Temperaturep. 152
Internal Resistancep. 153
Testingp. 153
Dry-charged Batteriesp. 153
Maintenancep. 154
Lead-Calcium Cellp. 154
Problemsp. 155
Referencesp. 155
Case Studies of PV/T Systemsp. 157
Introductionp. 157
Case Study I: Grid-connected Building Integrated Photovoltaic System (BIPV): Hong Kongp. 157
Case Study II: Simulation of an Existing BIPV System for Indian Climatic Conditionsp. 160
Case Study III: PV-integrated Water-pumping Application in Nebraskap. 164
Energy and Emission Savingsp. 166
Solar Water-pumping Systems in Punjab, Indiap. 166
Case Study IV: Grid-interactive Photovoltaic Park on the Island of Cretep. 168
Case Study V: Performance Study of Solar Drying Systems in Nepalp. 172
Referencesp. 173
Thermal Modelling of Hybrid Photovoltaic/Thermal (PV/T) Systemp. 174
Introductionp. 174
PV/T Air Collectorsp. 176
Hybrid Air Collectorp. 177
Double-pass PV/T Solar Air Collectorp. 181
Thermal Modelling of PV/T Air Collector Covered by Glass-to-Tedlar Type PV Modulep. 183
Thermal Modelling of PV/T Air Collector Covered by Glass-to-Glass Type PV Modulep. 193
Testing of the Solar Air Collectorp. 197
PV/T Solar Water Heaterp. 200
Integration of a PV Module on a Collectorp. 201
Overall Thermal and Electrical Efficiencyp. 203
Hybrid PV/T Water-heating Systemp. 204
Collectors Connected in Seriesp. 219
Comparison of Performance of Liquid and Air Collectorsp. 229
PV/T Solar Distillation Systemp. 229
Active PV/T Distillation Systemp. 230
PV/T Solar Dryersp. 234
Solar Tunnel Dryerp. 236
Solar Greenhouse Dryerp. 238
Conventional Solar Grain Dryerp. 243
Conventional PV/T Mixed Mode Dryerp. 246
Statistical Analysisp. 251
Problemsp. 253
Referencesp. 253
Energy and Exergy Analysisp. 257
Energy Analysisp. 257
Energy Matricesp. 259
Energy Pay Back Time (EPBT)p. 260
Energy Production Factor (EPF)p. 260
Life Cycle Conversion Efficiency (LCCE)p. 260
Embodied Energyp. 260
Embodied Energy Analysisp. 261
Embodied Energy Densityp. 261
Embodied Energy of PV Module (Glass-to-Glass)p. 263
Balance of System (BOS)p. 265
Analysis of Embodied Energy and EPBT of PV/T Solar Systemsp. 265
Hybrid PV/T Active Distillation Systemp. 265
PV/T Air Collectorp. 267
Hybrid PV/T Solar Water Heaterp. 270
Hybrid PV-integrated Greenhouse Dryerp. 273
Hybrid Conventional PV/T Solar Dryerp. 275
Energy Pay-back Periods of Roof-mounted Photovoltaic Cellsp. 277
Exergy Analysisp. 279
Importance of Exergyp. 281
Exergy of a Processp. 284
Solar Radiation Energyp. 284
Exergy of Stratified Thermal Energy Storagesp. 286
Exergy Efficiencyp. 287
Exergetic Analysis of Flat-plate Collectorp. 288
The Effects of Collector Design Parameters on the Collector Exergy Efficiencyp. 289
Exergetic Analysis of PV/T Systemsp. 290
Active Distillation Systemp. 291
PV/T Water Heaterp. 293
PV/T Solar Dryersp. 295
Problemsp. 298
Referencesp. 298
CO2 Mitigation and Carbon Tradingp. 302
Introductionp. 302
CO2 Emissionsp. 306
The Kyoto Protocolp. 308
Kyoto's Flexible Mechanismsp. 310
Emission Allowancesp. 310
Additionality and Its Importancep. 311
Emission Tradingp. 311
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)p. 313
CDM Projectsp. 313
CDM as an Instrument of Technology Transferp. 315
Carbon Credit Analysisp. 316
Solar Energy Park (SEP)p. 317
Solar PV/T Systemsp. 318
Carbon Credits Earned by Stand Alone Photovoltaic (SAPV) Systemp. 320
Carbon Credit on National Level by SAPV Systemp. 321
Effect of Solar Intensity and Number of Clear Daysp. 323
Energy Pricingp. 324
Problemsp. 325
Referencesp. 325
Economic Analysisp. 327
Introductionp. 327
Cost Analysisp. 328
Capital Recovery Factorp. 328
Unacostp. 332
Sinking Fund Factorp. 334
Cash Flowp. 340
Cost Comparisons with Equal Durationp. 343
Cost Comparisons with Unequal Durationp. 344
Single Present Value Methodp. 344
Cost Comparison by Annual Cost Methodp. 346
Cost Comparison by Capitalized Costp. 346
Analytical Expression for Payout Timep. 348
Net Present Valuep. 349
Benefit-Cost Analysisp. 352
Internal Rate of Returnp. 357
Effect of Depreciationp. 362
Cost Comparisons of Solar Dryers with Durationp. 363
Problemsp. 364
Referencesp. 367
p. 369
p. 373
p. 379
p. 381
p. 385
p. 387
Glossaryp. 388
Subject Indexp. 398
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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