9780792356158

This book contains the edited version of invited lectures presented at the IUTAM Symposium on Synthesis in Bio Solid Mechanics held in Copenhagen, Denmark, 24-27 May, 1998. The Symposium was attended by 48 scientists in mechanics, mathematics and medicine from 14 countries. The fields of interest range over experimental issues, models of bone remodelling, micromechanics of bone, analogies between optimal design models and bone remodelling, to mathematical issues of the various models seen in this exciting area. Biomechanics has been a very active research area in the last 25 years and covers a very broad class of problems. The present book concentrates on the solid mechanics domain of biomechanics, where important problems of synthesis are presently an active and challenging part. Characteristics of biomechanical materials are not only their inhomogeneity and anisotropy, but also their capability to change in relation to actual use. These living materials call for new methods of analysis and also new methods for synthesis. By synthesis in this context is meant design of implants or artificial control of material growth. Bone mechanics is closely related to recent work on analysis and design of microstructural anistropic materials. Also, recent work in shape design can to some extent be useful in the more complicated problems of biomechanics. Here interface problems play an essential role. This volume will be of interest to researchers in the field of (bio)mechanics and (bio)materials.

Preface

ix

REMODELLING AND EXPERIMENTS

S.C. Cowin

``Functional Adaptation in Bone''

1

(10)

T.C. Lee

L. Noelke

G. T. McMahon

J.P. Mulville

D. Taylor

``Mechanical and Hormonal Mechanisms Influencing Skeletal Form''

11

(10)

M.D. Roberts

R.T. Hart

``Self-organization of Topological Structures by a Cellular Automation''

21

(12)

N. Inou

T. Uesugi

K. Todoroki

S. Ujihashi

MICROMECHANICS OF BONES

R. Rodrigues

``Architectural 3--D Parameters and Anisotropic Elastic Properties of Cancellous Bone''

33

(10)

A. Odgaard

J. Kabel

B. van Rietbergen

R. Huiskes

``Lattice Continuum Model for Bone Remodeling Considering Microstructural Optimality of Trabecular Architecture''

43

(12)

M. Tanaka

T. Adachi

LOADS AND IMPLANTS

I. Knets

``Anchorage of Orthopedic Prostheses: Influence of Bone Properties and Bone-Implant Mechanics''

55

(12)

L.R. Rakotomanana

A. Terrier

N.A. Ramaniraka

P.-F. Leyvraz

``Design of Materials Subject to Bio-Mechanical Compatibility Constraints''

67

(12)

P. Vena

R. Contro

R. Pietrabissa

L. Ambrosio

``Joint Load Identification During Cyclic Movements''

79

(14)

J. Rasmussen

M. Damsgaard

M. Voigt

BASIC EVOLUTION QUESTIONS

R.T. Hart

``Why aren't Skeletal Tissues Perfect?''

93

(10)

J.D. Currey

``Dynamics of Joint Morphogenesis''

103

(12)

J. H. Heegaard

``Optimal Modification and Evolution of Elastic Continuum Structures''

115

(14)

J.E. Taylor

CREEP AND EXPERIMENTS

S. Hollister

``Effect of Time Dependence on the Mechanical Behavior of Compact Bone Tissue''

129

(10)

I. Knets

A. Melnis

M. Dobelis

``Anisotropic Residual Stress Measurements in Compact Bone Using Polychromatic X-ray Diffraction''

139

(12)

S. Tadano

M. Todoh

``A 3--D Finite Element Model of the Rat Tibialis Anterior Muscle''

151

(12)

R.G.M. Breuls

E.M.H. Bosboom

C.W.J. Oomens

C.V.C. Bouten

J.D. Janssen

HEALING AND CRACKS

R. Contro

``Image Based Design and Manufacture of Scaffolds for Bone Reconstruction''

163

(12)

S.J. Hollister

T.M. Chu

R.E. Guldberg

P.K. Zysset

R.A. Levy

J.W. Halloran

S.E. Feinberg

``Fatigue Damage in Bone: Links to Adaptation''

175

(12)

D. Taylor

``Fracture Gap Movement as a Function of Musculo-Skeletal Loading Conditions During Gait''

187

(12)

G.N. Duda

M. Heller

J.-E. Hoffmann

M. Pohl

K. Eckert-Hubner

L. Claes

N. Haas

MATERIAL AND MICROSTRUCTURE

T. Adachi

``Experimental Micromechanics and Viscoelasticity of Biological and Bioprotective Materials''

199

(10)

R. Lakes

C. Swan

E. Garner

T. Lee

K. Stewart

``Global and Local Material Optimization Models Applied to Anisotropic Bone Adaption''

209

(12)

H. Rodrigues

C. Jacobs

J.M. Guedes

M.P. Bendsoe

``On the Optimality of Bone Microstructure''

221

(14)

O. Sigmund

MATHEMATICS OF REMODELLING

J. Taylor

``An Existence Result in Bone Remodelling''

235

(12)

L. Trabucho

``Structural Optimization and Biological ``Designs'' ''

247

(18)

A. Cherkaev

E. Cherkaev

``On Simple Model of Self-adapting Bone Material''

265

(12)

T. Lekszycki

EYE, FIBERORIENTATION AND MATERIAL SYMMETRY

R. Lakes

``Computer Simulations of Refractive Surgery and Accommodation Mechanisms''

277

(8)

F. Jouve

K. Hanna

``Optimization of Left Ventricular Muscle Fiber Orientation''

285

(12)

P.H.M. Bovendeerd

J. Rijcken

D.H. van Campen

A.J.G. Schoofs

K. Nicolay

T. Arts

``Optimization of Material Symmetry''

297

(12)

S.C. Cowin

G. Yang

REMODELLING AS A DYNAMIC PROCESS

R. Huiskes

``Surface Remodeling Simulation of Trabecular Bone Using Microstructural Finite Element Models''

309

(12)

T. Adachi

K. Tsubota

Y. Tomita

``Tissue Adaptation as a Discrete-Dynamical Process in Time and Space''

321

(12)

P.J. Prendergast

H. Weinans

``Time Simulation of Bone Adaptation''

333

(16)

M. Bagge

``Can the Mechanical Trabecular Bone Quality be Estimated Reliably from Mean Intercept Length or Other Morphological Parameters?''

349

(12)

G.H. van Lenthe

R. Huiskes

DAMAGE AND BONE EVOLUTION

D.H. van Campen

``Nonlinear Stress-Strain Behavior Due to Damage Accumulation in Cortical Bone''

361

(12)

D.T. Davy

K.J. Jepsen

D.J. Krzypow

M.T. Fondrk

``A Volumetric Finite Element Scheme to Investigate the Mechanical Properties of Normal and Osteoporotic Trabecular Bone''

373

(14)

R. Saxena

T.S. Keller

``Similarities in Bone Remodelling and Damage Evolution''

387

(14)

D. Tortorelli

P. Pedersen

``Bounds for Cell Wall Permeabilities''

401

(6)

R. Lipton

B. Vernescu

List of Participants

407

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Iutam Symposium on Synthesis in Bio Solid Mechanics

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