50 Studies Every Global Health Provider Should Know

50 Studies Every Global Health Provider Should Know presents a diverse series of studies that illustrate key issues in health systems and delivery, policy, ethics, bias, and social determinants of health. Selected not only for their content using a rigorous methodology, these studies were specifically chosen to represent research conducted in low- and middle-income countries by a global array of authors. For each study, a concise summary is presented with an emphasis on the results and limitations of the study, other relevant studies and information, and the implications for practice. This book is a must-read for anyone who wants to learn more about the complexity of the burden of disease and healthcare delivery in low-resource areas.

Dr. Andrea Walker, MD, graduated from the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and completed her residency in Obstetrics and Gynecology at UCLA. She went on to complete a Global Health Fellowship through UCSF, where she spent two years working for Indian Health Services on the Navajo Nation in the US and rural Malawi for two years. This experience showed her that many of the problems faced in such disparate communities and countries are at their core quite similar. After this experience, she has continued to work in rural America with a largely Native American population. Her focus is on promoting social justice, identifying and removing barriers to care, improving quality of care, and provision of culturally competent care.

Dr. Anup Agarwal, MBBS, is a hospitalist at MedStar Health. He received his medical degree from Stanley Medical College in Chennai, India. After medical school, he spent a year working as a telemedicine consultant in Bangalore, India, where he had the privilege of providing teleconsultations via video conferencing in 22 primary health centers located in rural India. He then worked as a research assistant at Yale University with telemedicine, simulation, and technology in medicine. During his residency at Westchester County Medical Center, he volunteered at Bernard Mevs Hospital in Haiti. He went on to complete a Global Health Fellowship through UCSF. His clinical interests include chronic non-communicable disease especially diabetes and cancer, improving healthcare delivery in resource-poor settings, decision support systems in medicine and telemedicine.

Yogesh Jain has an MD in Paediatrics from New Delhi but is a public health physician in practice. He has been primarily involved in 'primary health care' through founding and running community health programmes in rural Chhattisgarh in central India since 1999. He has been involved in understanding the political economy of illnesses and addressing technical and political issues that determine the health care for the rural poor through clinical care, observational research studies, training, and direct political work based on lived experience. He is a strident believer in the state as the primary provider of social services.

Introduction

Health Systems and Healthcare Delivery
1. The Rwandan Experience: The Impact of Health Systems Strengthening Interventions in the Context of Prioritizing Health Equity
2. Can Informal Providers Be Trained to Provide Good Quality Care?
3. Can Under- 5 Mortality Be Reduced by Proactive Community Case Management? The Effect of Proactive Community Case Management by Community Health Workers in a Peri- Urban Area in Mali
4. A Participatory Intervention with Women's Groups for Reducing Neonatal Mortality and Maternal Depression: The Ekjut Trial
5. A Case Management Strategy for Treating Childhood Pneumonia in a Community Setting?
6. Can Checklists Improve Perinatal Outcomes? The Better Birth Trial
7. The SimCard Trial
8. DOTS- Plus: Advent of Outpatient Care for MDR- TB
9. Does Home- Based Neonatal Care of Sepsis Improve Neonatal Mortality?

Social Medicine and Ethics
10. Early Life Deprivation and Developmental Origins of Adult Metabolic Disease: Thrifty Phenotype Hypothesis/ Barker Hypothesis
11. Gender Disparity and Heart Diseases in South Africa
12. Economic Growth and Child Undernourishment
13. Can Social Interventions Prevent Tuberculosis? The Papworth Experiment (1918- 1943) Revisited
14. Socioeconomic Status and Heart Disease: Whitehall Revisited
15. Implicit Bias in Pain Management: Manifestations in Patient Care
16. Race- Based Medicine- Is It Biological or Profit Driven? The African- American Heart Failure Trial (A- HeFT)
17. How Do Locals Feel about Expats in Global Health?
18. Azithromycin to Reduce Childhood Mortality in Sub- Saharan Africa: The MORDOR Trial

Infectious Diseases and Neglected Tropical Diseases
19. Prevention of HIV: The Partners PrEP Trial
20. Reduced Risk of Post- Natal Transmission of HIV with Extended Antiretroviral Prophylactic Regimen: PEPI Trial (Post- Exposure Prophylaxis of Infants)
21. When to Start HIV Treatment? A Global Question
22. Safety and Efficacy of Sulfamethoxazole/ Trimethoprim Chemoprophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia in AIDS
23. Isoniazid for Preventing TB in HIV- Positive People
24. Impact of Improved Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases on HIV Infection in Rural Tanzania: Randomized Controlled Trial
25. A National Program to Introduce Impregnated Bednets to Address Malaria in Gambia
26. Artesunate versus Quinine for Severe Falciparum Malaria: The South East Asian Quinine Artesunate Malaria Trial (SEAQUAMAT)
27. BPaL, A New Oral Regimen for Drug- Resistant Tuberculosis: The Nix- TB Study
28. Can Household Contact Investigation Reduce Tuberculosis?
29. Solidarity Trial: The Dawn of a New Era
30. Corticosteroids for Bacterial Meningitis in Adults in Sub- Saharan Africa
31. Oral Maintenance Therapy for Cholera in Adults

Child Health
32. Efficacy of Zinc to Control Diarrhea in Developing Nations
33. Fluids in Pediatric Sepsis: Are the Recommendations in the Global North and Global South the Same? The FEAST Trial
34. Does Helping Babies Breathe Training Help Reduce Neonatal Mortality?
35. Bubble CPAP as a Cost- Effective Technology to Reduce Need for Mechanical Ventilation in Neonates
36. Sickle Cell Anemia in Children in Sub- Saharan Africa- What Is the Best Medicine? The REACH Trial

Women's Health
37. Does Prenatal Aspirin Prevent Preterm Preeclampsia? Aspirin versus Placebo in Pregnancies at High Risk for Preterm Preeclampsia
38. Can Tranexamic Acid Stop Postpartum Hemorrhage? The WOMAN Trial
39. Magnesium Sulphate for Seizure Prophylaxis in Women with Preeclampsia: The Magpie Trial
40. Effects of Partograms on Birthing Outcomes in Developing Nations
41. What Is a Cost- Effective Way to Screen for Cervical Cancer in Resource- Denied Settings?

Mental Health
42. Can Community Health Workers Effectively Provide Cognitive Behavioral Therapy- Based Services?
43. Improving Mental Health Access Where There Is No Psychiatrist: Collaborative Care Model for Depression in Rural Nepal
44. Nonphysician- Led Multidisciplinary Stepped- Care Program vs. Usual Primary Care Program for Females with Major Depression

Noncommunicable Diseases
45. Aspirin in Acute Stroke: When Thrombolysis Is Not Available
46. Unavailability of Cardiac Catheterization: Thrombolysis Is Safe and Effective in Myocardial Infarction
47. SPRINT Trial: Hypertension Management in Resource- Denied Settings

Surgery
48. Where There Is No Anesthetist, Is Ketamine a Good Alternative?
49. Do Checklists Improve Surgical Outcomes in Under- Resourced Settings?
50. Task- Shifting for Caesarean Section: Can Clinical Officers Provide Equivalent Quality of Care Where There Are No Doctors?

Index