In Pennsylvania German in the American Midwest, Steven Hartman Keiser studies the divisions separating the Midwesternand the Pennsylvaniavarieties of Pennsylvania German, demonstrating that these dialects are divided by boundaries similar to those that distinguish dialects of English in the same geographic regions. Keiser provides empirical detail on the distribution of key linguistic variants in several Pennsylvania Germanspeaking communities in the Midwest and explores the internal changes, patterns of migration, and language contact that have led to the current geographic and social distribution of these features. In addition, he considers the potential for future dialect divergence or convergence as he describes the links between these language varieties and the notions of regional identity in the attitudes of Pennsylvania German speakers in the Midwest and those in Pennsylvania toward each other. Steven Hartman Keiseris Associate Professor of English at Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Steven Hartman Keiser received his B.A. in French from Goshen College and his Ph.D. in linguistics from Ohio Stale University. He is an associate professor in the Department, of English at Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Acknowledgments	p. vii
The History of Pennsylvania German: From Europe to the Midwest	p. 1
The Prehistory of Pennsylvania German: Dialect Contact in the Palatinate Prior to Emigration to America	p. 8
The German Dialects in Colonial Pennsylvania That Served as Inputs to Pennsylvania German	p. 9
The Numerical Dominance of Palatines among German Immigrants in Colonial Pennsylvania	p. 10
Patterns of Interaction and the Role of Standard German in Colonial Pennsylvania	p. 13
Amish and Mennonite Migration within Europe in the Sixteenth-Nineteenth Centuries and to Pennsylvania in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries	p. 14
The Geographical Divide: The Berks County Amish Move to Lancaster County and Somerset County in the Late 1700s	p. 17
Amish Settlement in the Midwest in the Nineteenth Century	p. 19
The Few Become Many: Growth of Amish Communities in the Twentieth Century	p. 27
Reduction and Renewal of Dialect Diversity	p. 28
Variation in Pennsylvania German: Previous Dialectological Studies	p. 31
Language Contact as Source of Dialect Differentiation in Pennsylvania German	p. 31
Social Variation: Sectarian versus Nonsectarian PG and Variation within the Sectarian Groups in Lancaster County	p. 34
Regional Variation	p. 38
Summary	p. 46
Methods and Community Descriptions	p. 49
Collection of Sociohistorical Data	p. 49
The Communities Studied	p. 50
Patterns of Interaction in and between Amish Communities in the Midwest in the Twentieth Century	p. 52
The Selection of the Dependent Linguistic Variables	p. 66
The Selection of Independent Variables	p. 66
The Selection of Consultants	p. 68
The Interviews	p. 70
Coding of Tokens and Statistical Analyses	p. 72
Summary	p. 73
The Midwestern Vowel: Monophthongization of /ai/	p. 75
Previous Research on Monophthongization of /ai/	p. 76
Synchronic Description of PG Vowels	p. 77
Defining the /ai/ Word Class in PG	p. 78
Real-Time Evidence for a Sound Change in Progress	p. 80
Subject Pool for/ai/Study in Holmes County and Kalona	p. 81
Scales for Coding Variants of /ai/	p. 82
General Patterns of Variation in the Realization of /ai/	p. 85
Recoding Variants of /ai/ on Basis of Sociolinguistic Salience	p. 87
Patterns of Variation: The Midwest versus Pennsylvania	p. 89
Patterns of Variation within the Midwest: Kalona, Iowa, versus Holmes County, Ohio	p. 91
Summary of Variation of /ai/ in MPG in Holmes County and Kalona	p. 103
Evidence for Holmes County as Sound Change Leader: The Production and Perception of Incipient Phonemic Merger	p. 103
Pennsylvania in the Midwest: The Monophthongization of /ai/ in Grant County, Wisconsin log	p. 109
Summary	p. 114
Midwestern Consonants: Variation in die Liquids /r/ and /l/	p. 117
Phonetic Variation in /r/	p. 117
Phonetic Variation in /l/	p. 129
Summary of Variation in Liquid Consonants in MPG and PPG	p. 135
Midwestern Words: Lexical and Morphological Variation	p. 137
Lexical Variation in PPG and MPG	p. 138
Rates of Lexical Borrowing in MPG and PPG	p. 146
Phonological Incorporation of Loanwords in MPG and PPG	p. 149
Nonfeminine Morphology in Feminine Possessive Constructions	p. 151
The Merger of Dative and Accusative Case in Midwest Pennsylvania German	p. 152
Summary of Lexical and Morphological Variation in Midwest Pennsylvania German	p. 155
Regional Identity, Ethnoreligious Ideology, and Change	p. 157
Summary of Linguistic Differences between Midwest PG and Pennsylvania PG	p. 158
Dutchiness and Demut: Ideologies of Borrowing and Phonological Integration	p. 160
Identity and Ideology in the Older Communities	p. 162
Identity and Ideology in New Communities in Contact	p. 164
Conclusion	p. 169
Notes	p. 175
References	p. 185
Index	p. 195
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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Pennsylvania German in the American Midwest

9780822367697

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