Bistatic SAR / GISAR / FISAR Geometry, Signal Models and Imaging Algorithms

This book provides a general theoretical description of such bistatic technology in the context of synthetic aperture, inverse synthetic aperture and forward scattering radars from the point of view of analytical geometrical and signal formation as well as processing theory. Signal formation and image reconstruction algorithms are developed with the application of high informative linear frequency and phase code modulating techniques, and numerical experiments that confirm theoretical models are carried out. The authors suggest the program implementation of developed algorithms.

A theoretical summary of the latest results in the field of bistatic radars is provided, before applying an analytical geometrical description of scenarios of bistatic synthetic aperture, inverse synthetic aperture and forward scattering radars with cooperative and non-cooperative transmitters. Signal models with linear frequency and phase code modulation are developed, and special phase modulations with C/A (coarse acquisition) and P (precision) of GPS satellite transmitters are considered. The authors suggest Matlab implementations of all geometrical models and signal formation and processing algorithms.

Contents

1. Bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar (BSAR) Survey.
2. BSAR Geometry.
3. BSAR Waveforms and Signal Models.
4. BSAR Image Reconstruction Algorithms.
5. Analytical Geometrical Determination of BSAR Resolution.
6. BSAR Experimental Results.
7. BSAR Matlab Implementation.

A general theoretical description of bistatic technology within the scope of synthetic aperture, inverse synthetic aperture and forward scattering radars from the point of view of analytical geometrical and signal formation and processing theory.

Signal formation and image reconstruction algorithms are developed in this title, with application of high informative linear frequency and phase code modulating techniques. Numerical experiments that confirm theoretical models are carried out and the authors suggest program implementation for the algorithms developed.

Todor Pavlov Kostadinov is Assistant Professor at Burgas Technical University "Asen Zlatarov" in Bulgaria. His field of interests includes communications, networks and embedded systems, computer science, signal and image processing, image recognition, programming, SAR, ISAR, BSAR and InSAR techniques, methods and algorithms. He is the author of more than 10 journal and conference papers in the field of SAR, ISAR and BSAR technologies.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT  ix

CHAPTER 1. BISTATIC SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (BSAR) SURVEY  1

1.1. Introduction and main definitions 1

1.2. Passive space-surface bistatic and multistatic SAR     4

1.3. Forward scattering radars 6

1.4. A moving target problem as an inversion problem in multistatic SAR  8

1.5. BSAR models, imaging, methods and algorithms 9

1.5.1. Range migration algorithm for invariant and variant flying geometry           9

1.5.2. Bistatic point target reference spectrum based on Loffeld’s bistatic formula    10

1.5.3. Target parameters extraction  12

CHAPTER 2. BSAR GEOMETRY  17

2.1. BGISAR geometry and kinematics 17

2.2. Multistatic BSAR geometry and kinematics  21

2.3. BFISAR geometry and kinematics 24

2.3.1. Kinematic parameter estimation        26

CHAPTER 3. BSAR WAVEFORMS AND SIGNAL MODELS 29

3.1. Short pulse waveform and the BSAR signal model     29

3.1.1. Short pulse waveform          29

3.1.2. Short pulse BSAR signal model        30

3.1.3. Target’s parameters estimation in short range BFISAR scenario  31

3.2. LFM pulse waveform           32

3.2.1. LFM BSAR signal model 33

3.3. CW LFM waveform and modeling of deterministic components of BSAR signal  35

3.4. Phase code modulated pulse waveforms   37

3.4.1. Barker phase code    38

3.4.2. Complementary code synthesis   39

3.4.3. BSAR-transmitted complementary phase code modulated waveforms   39

3.4.4. GPS C/A phase code  41

3.4.5. GPS P phase code          43

3.4.6. DVB-T waveform    47

CHAPTER 4. BSAR IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION ALGORITHMS 49

4.1. Image reconstruction from a short pulse BSAR signal 49

4.2. LFM BSAR image reconstruction algorithm  53

4.3. PCM BSAR image reconstruction algorithm  55

4.4. Autofocus algorithm with entropy minimization 58

4.5. Experiment with the multistatic SAR LFM image reconstruction algorithm   59

CHAPTER 5. ANALYTICAL GEOMETRICAL DETERMINATION OF BSAR RESOLUTION   65

5.1. Generalized BSAR range and Doppler resolution 65

5.1.1. BSAR range resolution   65

5.1.2. BSAR Doppler resolution 69

5.2. Along-track range resolution 69

5.3. Range resolution along a target–receiver line of sight   72

CHAPTER 6. BSAR EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS   77

6.1. Example 1: BFISAR with short-pulse waveform 77

6.1.1. BFISAR parameters estimation   78

6.1.2. BFISAR signal formation algorithm  78

6.2. Example 2: BFISAR with pulse LFM waveform 83

6.2.1. BFISAR geometry and isorange ellipse parameter estimation  85

6.2.2. BFISAR LFM signal formation algorithm      86

6.2.3. Image reconstruction algorithm and experimental results   86

6.3. Example 3: asymmetric geometry of BFISAR with pulse LFM waveform     95

6.3.1. BFISAR LFM signal formation algorithm      96

6.3.2. BFISAR image reconstruction algorithm and experimental results     97

6.4. Example 4: BGISAR with Barker PCM waveform     101

6.4.1. BGISAR Barker PCM signal formation algorithm 102

6.4.2. BGISAR image reconstruction algorithm and experimental results     104

6.5. Example 5: BGISAR with GPS C/A PCM waveform   109

6.5.1. BGISAR GPS C/A PCM signal formation algorithm   110

6.5.2. BGISAR image reconstruction algorithm and experimental results     112

6.6. Example 6: BGISAR with GPS P PCM waveform     115

6.6.1. BGISAR GPS P PCM signal formation algorithm 116

6.6.2. BGISAR image extraction algorithm and experimental results     118

CHAPTER 7. BSAR MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION       123

7.1. Construction of a helicopter image 123

7.2. BGISAR imaging     124

7.3. BFISAR imaging by short pulses  134

7.4. Continuous linear frequency modulated waveform generation  137

7.5. Pulse LFM waveform generation  138

7.6. BFISAR imaging by pulse LFM waveform 139

7.7. GPS coarse acquisition phase code modulated waveform generation   145

7.8. BGSAR imaging by GPS C/A PCM waveform 146

7.9. GPS precision phase code modulated waveform generation 152

7.10. BGISAR imaging by GPS P PCM waveform      153

7.11. Multistatic SAR imaging by pulse LFM waveform 162

7.12. Isorange ellipse generation   166

7.13. Range resolution determination  168

BIBLIOGRAPHY 171

INDEX 181

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