This book reviews the state-of-the-art in fuel cells (low and high temperature) across all the types applied in the field today and assesses current trends in development. The main technology problems are discussed and current gaps to market success identified. The innovations covered in the book deliver new answers to pertinent problems and/or offer new opportunities, be it in operating conditions, application area, extension of lifetime, new fuels, exciting new diagnosis and analysis methods. The volume gives an insight not only to the key developments within the next few years, but also shows perspectives in the mid-term. Readers receive an overview of cutting edge, challenging research and development that can be used in future developments, both of personal careers, as well as in company technology planning.

Micro-applications and Micro-systems
Printed Enzymatic Current Sources	p. 5
Introduction	p. 5
Enzyme Catalysts in Fuel Cells	p. 6
Enzyme-based Microsystems for Power Production	p. 8
Biofuel Cells Constructed in a Liquid Chamber	p. 8
Miniature Membraneless Biofuel Cells	p. 11
Biofuel Cell Constructions Suitable for Large-scale Production	p. 11
Printing Processes as Manufacturing Methods for Power Sources	p. 15
Types of Thin and Printable Power Sources	p. 17
Enzymes in Mass-production Applications	p. 17
Printing and Coating of Enzymes	p. 19
Screen Printing	p. 19
Inkjet Printing	p. 20
Printed Biofuel Cells	p. 21
Conclusions	p. 24
References	p. 25
Potential of Multilayer Ceramics for Micro Fuel Cells	p. 28
Challenges of Micro Fuel Cell System Development	p. 28
Cost of Assembly	p. 29
Component Failures	p. 29
Introduction to Multilayer Ceramics	p. 29
Fuel Cell Relevant Subsystems and Geometries	p. 30
Geometrical Shaping	p. 30
Relevant Features of Fuel Cells	p. 32
Examples	p. 36
Conclusion	p. 38
High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells
Trends in High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells	p. 45
Introduction	p. 45
The Oxygen Reduction Reaction	p. 46
Tafel Slope and Reaction Pathway	p. 46
The Adsorption of Phosphoric Acid Molecules and Phosphate Anions on Platinum	p. 49
Enhanced ORR Activity: Platinum Alloy Catalysts and Alternative Electrolytes	p. 53
Membrane Polymers	p. 54
Catalyst and Diffusion Layer Development and Membrane Electrode Assembly Manufacture	p. 58
Fuel Cell Performance and Durability	p. 61
Stacks	p. 66
Perspectives	p. 69
References	p. 70
Large Auxiliary Power Units for Vessels and Airplanes	p. 76
Introduction	p. 76
Motivation	p. 77
Conditions for Auxiliary Power Unit Operation	p. 82
Aeronautical Applications	p. 82
Maritime Applications	p. 86
Fuel Cell Technologies	p. 87
Fuel Cell Types and their Applicability for Large Auxiliary Power Unit Systems	p. 87
Fuels for Large Auxiliary Power Units	p. 93
Fuel Processors	p. 100
Fuel Cell Systems	p. 101
System Evaluation	p. 112
Focus on Aeronautical Systems	p. 113
Focus on Maritime Systems	p. 136
Conclusions	p. 140
Acknowledgement	p. 143
References	p. 143
Novel Fuels
Going Beyond Hydrogen: Non-hydrogen Fuels, Re-oxidation and Impurity Effects on Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anodes	p. 153
Introduction	p. 153
Carbonaceous Fuels	p. 157
Fuel Resources and Processing Options	p. 157
Conventional Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anodes	p. 159
Improved Anodes	p. 168
Other Alternatives to Hydrogen	p. 177
Ammonia	p. 177
Hydrogen sulfide	p. 178
References	p. 179
Direct Carbon Fuel Cells	p. 190
Electrochemical Oxidation of Carbon	p. 190
Thermodynamics	p. 191
Mechanism	p. 192
Boudouard Reaction	p. 193
Different Types of Direct Carbon Fuel Cells	p. 193
Molten Carbonate Electrolyte	p. 194
Molten Hydroxide Electrolyte	p. 196
Solid Oxide Electrolyte	p. 198
Other Concepts	p. 200
Comparison of Different Carbon Fuels	p. 207
Conclusions	p. 209
References	p. 210
Modelling and Lifetime Prediction
Integrating Degradation into Fuel Cell Models and Lifetime Prediction	p. 217
Introduction	p. 217
Background	p. 218
Basic Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Modelling Theory	p. 220
Calculations and Results	p. 227
Determining the Area Specific Resistance	p. 227
Experimental Validation	p. 228
Simulation of the Current-Voltage Behaviour	p. 231
Degradation Monitoring by Area Specific Resistance Simulation	p. 234
Extensions of the Model	p. 236
A Simple Lifetime Prediction Model	p. 237
Some Literature Results	p. 237
Development of a Non-linear Area Specific Resistance Over Time Behaviour	p. 238
Calculations	p. 241
Constant Current Density	p. 241
Varying Local Current Density and Fuel Utilisation Influence	p. 242
Change of Local Current Density and Area Specific Resistance Profile over Time	p. 244
Conclusions	p. 245
List of Symbols Used in this Chapter	p. 245
Acknowledgements	p. 247
References	p. 247
Accelerated Lifetime Testing for Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells	p. 249
Introduction	p. 249
Background	p. 249
Experimental Design	p. 253
Testing	p. 254
First Generation Testing: Pot Tests and Corrosion Potential Measurement	p. 254
Second Generation Testing: Potential Control and Monitor Current	p. 256
Third Generation Testing: Inter-cell Effects	p. 258
Conclusions	p. 260
Acknowledgements	p. 261
References	p. 261
Hydrogen Generation and Reversible Fuel Cells
Electrolysis Using Fuel Cell Technology	p. 267
Introduction	p. 267
Low-temperature Electrolysis	p. 269
Introduction	p. 269
Commercial Systems	p. 270
Performance	p. 270
Development Issues	p. 271
High-temperature Steam Electrolysis	p. 271
Introduction	p. 271
Solid Oxide Electrolyser Cells	p. 273
High-temperature Electrolyser Stacks	p. 279
System Development	p. 280
Summary	p. 282
References	p. 283
Hydrogen Production by Internal Reforming Fuel Cells	p. 287
Introduction	p. 287
International Developments Reported in Literature	p. 289
Co-production of Hydrogen and Power	p. 290
Mode 1: High-efficiency Mode	p. 293
Mode 2: Constant-current Mode	p. 294
Mode 3: High-power Mode or Constant (Low) Voltage Mode	p. 295
The 'Superwind Concept'	p. 298
Hydrogen Production from Carbon Using a Direct Carbon Fuel Cell	p. 300
Conclusions	p. 303
References	p. 304
Outlook
Products, not Technology: Some Thoughts on Market Introduction Processes	p. 311
Introduction	p. 311
Background	p. 312
Technology Phasing-in versus Disruptive Development	p. 312
Battling Incumbent Technology	p. 317
Paradigm Shifts and Succession of Generations	p. 318
Transforming Technology into Products	p. 320
Added Value, Special Markets and Allowable Cost	p. 323
Outlook	p. 330
Acknowledgements	p. 331
References	p. 331
Subject Index	p. 333
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Innovations in Fuel Cell Technologies

9781849730334

1849730334

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