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9780632056262

Clinical Nutrition

by ; ; ;
  • ISBN13:

    9780632056262

  • ISBN10:

    0632056266

  • Edition: 1st
  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 2005-08-01
  • Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
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Summary

As an academic subject, nutrition has grown enormously in recent years and with it the need for specialist textbooks on the subject. In response to this need, a decision was taken by The Nutrition Society to produce a ground-breaking series of four textbooks, of which Clinical Nutrition is the final. The books in the series:Provide students with the required scientific basis in nutrition, in the context of a systems and health approach. Enable teachers and students to explore the core principles of nutrition and to apply these throughout their training to foster critical thinking at all times. Each chapter identifies the key areas of knowledge that must be understood and also the key points of critical thought that must accompany the acquisition of this knowledge. Are fully peer reviewed to ensure completeness and clarity of content, as well as to ensure that each book takes a global perspective and is applicable for use by nutritionists and on nutrition courses throughout the world.Clinical Nutrition focuses solely on the sick and metabolically compromised patient. It parallels the text on Nutrition & Metabolism in dealing with clinical nutrition on a system by system basis making the information more accessible to the student. Covering the scientific basis underlying nutritional support, medical ethics and nutritional counselling, the text ends with illustrative clinical case histories. Nutritionists, dieticians and students in these fields will find this an important resource and Libraries in universities, medical schools and establishments teaching and researching in the area of nutrition will find Clinical Nutrition a valuable addition to their shelves.

Table of Contents

Series Foreword xiii
Preface xiv
Contributors xv
1 Principles of Clinical Nutrition: Contrasting the practice of nutrition in health and disease
1(14)
Marinos Ella
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 The spectrum of nutritional problems
1(2)
1.3 Nutrient requirements
3(9)
1.4 Management pathways
12(1)
1.5 Perspectives on the future
13(1)
References and further reading
14(1)
2 Nutritional Assessment
15(15)
Khursheed N Jeejeebhoy and Mary E Keith
2.1 Introduction
15(1)
2.2 Clinical assessment of nutritional status
15(3)
2.3 Anthropometric assessment of nutritional status
18(4)
2.4 Biochemical indices of nutritional status
22(3)
2.5 Immunologic assessment of nutritional status
25(1)
2.6 Functional tests of malnutrition
25(2)
2.7 Nutritional assessment tools in clinical decision making
27(1)
2.8 Perspectives on the future
28(1)
References and further reading
29(1)
3 Overnutrition
30(32)
Gema Frühbeck
3.1 Introduction
30(2)
3.2 Etiology
32(14)
3.3 Clinical presentation
46(4)
3.4 Clinical assessment
50(2)
3.5 Treatment approaches
52(7)
3.6 Prevention
59(1)
3.7 Perspectives on the future
60(1)
References and further reading
61(1)
Websites of interest
61(1)
4 Undernutrition
62(14)
Anura V Kurpad
4.1 Introduction
62(1)
4.2 Pathophysiology of undernutrition
62(4)
4.3 Pathophysiology of undernutrition complicated by stress
66(2)
4.4 Chronic undernutrition
68(1)
4.5 Undernutrition in elderly individuals
69(1)
4.6 Assessment of undernutrition
69(1)
4.7 Treatment
70(2)
4.8 Potential problems with nutritional supplementation in undernutrition
72(1)
4.9 Prevention
73(1)
4.10 Future perspectives
74(1)
References and further reading
75(1)
5 Metabolic Disorders
76(9)
Luc Tappy and Jean-Marc Schwarz
5.1 Introduction
76(1)
5.2 Energy intake, health, and longevity
77(1)
5.3 The plurimetabolic syndrome
78(1)
5.4 Pathophysiology of insulin resistance
78(1)
5.5 Insulin resistance
79(1)
5.6 Role of affluence in diabetes, dyslipidemia, and essential hypertension
80(3)
5.7 Alcohol
83(1)
5.8 Perspectives on the future
84(1)
References and further reading
84(1)
6 Eating Disorders
85(14)
Janet Treasure and Tara Murphy
6.1 Introduction
85(1)
Section I: Anorexia nervosa
86(6)
6.2 History
86(1)
6.3 Etiology
86(2)
6.4 Clinical features
88(1)
6.5 Epidemiology
89(1)
6.6 Management of anorexia nervosa
89(3)
Section II: Bulimia nervosa
92(3)
6.7 History
92(1)
6.8 Etiology
92(1)
6.9 Clinical features
93(1)
6.10 Epidemiology
94(1)
6.11 Management
94(1)
6.12 Comorbidity with physical problems
95(1)
Section III: Binge eating disorder
95(2)
6.13 History
95(1)
6.14 Etiology
95(1)
6.15 Clinical features of BED
95(2)
6.16 Night eating syndrome
97(1)
6.17 Prognosis of eating disorders
97(1)
6.18 Perspectives on the future
97(1)
References and further reading
97(2)
7 Adverse Reactions to Foods
99(16)
Simon H Murch
7.1 Introduction
99(1)
7.2 Food intolerance
100(1)
7.3 Food allergy
100(1)
7.4 Types of food allergy
101(1)
7.5 Patterns of food allergic responses
102(1)
7.6 Diagnostic criteria for food allergy
103(2)
7.7 Food-sensitive enteropathy
105(1)
7.8 Specific food allergies
105(3)
7.9 Multiple food allergy
108(1)
7.10 Scientific background: the basic mechanisms of immune response to dietary antigen
108(5)
7.11 Perspectives on the future
113(1)
References and further reading
114(1)
8 Nutritional Support
115(17)
Karin Barndregt and Peter Soeters
8.1 Introduction
115(1)
8.2 Meeting nutritional needs
115(2)
8.3 Oral feeding and oral nutritional supplements
117(1)
8.4 Enteral tube feeding
118(3)
8.5 Drugs and enteral feeding
121(5)
8.6 Parenteral nutrition
126(2)
8.7 Special considerations with nutritional support
128(2)
8.8 Future directions
130(1)
References and further reading
131(1)
Useful websites
131(1)
9 Ethics and Nutrition
132(14)
John MacFie
9.1 Introduction
132(1)
9.2 A brief history of medical ethics
133(1)
9.3 Medical ethics: the 'four-principles' approach
134(1)
9.4 Definitions and ethical terms
135(2)
9.5 Some common ethical dilemmas
137(1)
9.6 Can we afford it? The principle of justice
138(1)
9.7 Force-feeding
139(1)
9.8 Conflict between relatives, friends or proxies, and carers
139(1)
9.9 Application of ethical principles to artificial nutritional support: clinical scenarios
140(3)
9.10 Clinical guidelines in ethical care
143(2)
9.11 Perspectives on the future
145(1)
References and further reading
145(1)
10 The Gastrointestinal Tract 146(17)
Miguel A Gassull and Eduard Cabré
10.1 Introduction
146(2)
10.2 Celiac disease
148(4)
10.3 Tropical enteropathy and tropical sprue
152(1)
10.4 Inflammatory bowel disease
153(5)
10.5 Irritable bowel syndrome and diverticular disease
158(3)
10.6 Perspectives on the future
161(1)
References and further reading
162(1)
11 Nutrition in Liver Disease 163(30)
Marietjie G Herselman, Demetre Labadarios, Christo J Van Rensburg, and Aref A Haffejee
11.1 Introduction
163(3)
11.2 Diseases of the liver
166(7)
11.3 Laboratory assessment of liver function
173(1)
11.4 Manifestations and complications of cirrhosis
173(9)
11.5 Nutritional management in liver disease
182(8)
11.6 Perspectives on the future
190(1)
References and further reading
190(3)
12 Nutrition and the Pancreas 193(12)
Jean-Fabien Zazzo
12.1 Introduction
193(1)
12.2 Diabetes mellitus
194(1)
12.3 Nutritional management of type 1 diabetes
195(1)
12.4 Pancreatitis
196(1)
12.5 Pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis
197(1)
12.6 Severity scores
198(1)
12.7 Metabolic consequencies of acute pancreatitis
198(1)
12.8 Artificial nutrition
199(3)
12.9 Chronic pancreatitis
202(1)
12.10 Future directions
203(1)
References and further reading
203(1)
Websites
204(1)
13 The Kidney 205(21)
Gianfranco Guarnieri, Roberta Situlin, and Gabriele Toigo
13.1 Introduction
205(1)
13.2 Acute renal failure
205(3)
13.3 Chronic renal failure
208(9)
13.4 Diabetic nephropathy
217(1)
13.5 Nephrotic syndrome
217(1)
13.6 Renal replacement therapy
218(4)
13.7 Transplantation
222(2)
13.8 Future perspectives
224(1)
References and further reading
225(1)
14 Nutritional and Metabolic Support in Hematologic Malignancies and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation 226(12)
Maurizio Muscaritoli, Gabriella Grieco, Zaira Aversa, and Filippo Rossi Fanelli
14.1 Introduction
226(1)
14.2 Hematologic malignancies
226(3)
14.3 Rationale for nutritional intervention in hematologic malignancies
229(5)
14.4 Nutritional and metabolic support following HSCT
234(1)
14.5 Perspectives on the future
235(2)
Further reading
237(1)
15 The Lung 238(9)
Annemie MWJ Schols and EFM Wouters
15.1 Introduction
238(1)
15.2 Prevalence and consequences of weight loss and muscle wasting
239(2)
15.3 Causes of weight loss and muscle wasting
241(1)
15.4 Outcome of nutritional intervention
242(3)
15.5 Acute lung injury
245(1)
15.6 Perspectives on the future
245(1)
References and further reading
246(1)
16 Nutrition and Immune and Inflammatory Systems 247(21)
Bruce R Bistrian and Robert F Grimble
16.1 Introduction
247(1)
16.2 The response of the immune system to activation
248(1)
16.3 The effects of proinflammatory cytokines
249(2)
16.4 Control systems for cytokines
251(1)
16.5 Damaging and life-threatening effects of cytokines
251(3)
16.6 Influence of malnutrition on key aspects of the cytokine response
254(1)
16.7 Antioxidant defenses and their impact on immune and inflammatory systems in patients
255(6)
16.8 Immunomodulatory effects of lipids
261(4)
16.9 Route and content of nutritional provision and immune function and patient outcome
265(2)
16.10 Perspectives on the future
267(1)
References and further reading
267(1)
17 The Heart and Blood Vessels 268(26)
Stephen Wheatcroft, Brian Noronha, and Mark Kearney
17.1 Introduction
268(1)
17.2 Atherosclerosis
269(1)
17.3 Dietary lipids and coronary heart disease
270(7)
17.4 Plasma lipoproteins
277(1)
17.5 Lipoprotein metabolism
278(6)
17.6 Other dietary factors and coronary heart disease
284(3)
17.7 Diet and hypertension
287(2)
17.8 Diet and stroke
289(1)
17.9 Diet and peripheral vascular disease
289(1)
17.10 Diet and chronic heart failure
290(1)
17.11 Micronutrients and cardiovascular disease
290(3)
17.12 Perspectives on the future
293(1)
References and further reading
293(1)
18 Nutritional Aspects of Disease Affecting the Skeleton 294(18)
Christine Rodda
18.1 Introduction
294(1)
18.2 Overview of mineral ion homeostasis and bone metabolism
294(6)
18.3 Age-appropriate biochemical reference ranges
300(1)
18.4 Pharmaceutical agents commonly used in bone disease
300(1)
18.5 Diagnostic imaging assessment of the skeleton
300(1)
18.6 Rickets/osteomalacia (vitamin D deficiency)
301(3)
18.7 Mineral ion homeostasis in preterm infants
304(2)
18.8 Corticosteroid-induced bone disease
306(1)
18.9 Post-transplant bone disease
307(1)
18.10 Osteoporosis associated with chronic disease
308(1)
18.11 Anorexia nervosa
308(1)
18.12 Senile osteoporosis
309(1)
18.13 Perspectives on the future
310(1)
References and further reading
310(2)
19 Nutrition in Surgery and Trauma 312(12)
Olle Ljungqvist, Ken Fearon, and Rod A Little
19.1 Introduction
312(1)
19.2 The stress response to trauma and its effects on metabolism
312(4)
19.3 Nutritional support in perioperative care
316(5)
19.4 Feeding the severely traumatized patient
321(1)
19.5 Perspectives on the future
322(1)
References and further reading
322(2)
20 Infectious Diseases 324(21)
Nicholas I Paton, Miguel A Gassull, and Eduard Cabré
20.1 Introduction
324(1)
20.2 Human immunodeficiency virus infection
325(10)
20.3 Tuberculosis
335(3)
20.4 Malaria
338(1)
20.5 Gastrointestinal infections
339(4)
20.6 Perspectives on the future
343(1)
References and further reading
344(1)
21 Nutritional Support in Patients with Cancer 345(33)
Federico Bozzetti
21.1 Introduction
345(1)
Section I: Wasting syndrome in cancer
345(14)
21.2 Definition and prevalence
345(1)
21.3 Pathophysiology of cancer cachexia
346(13)
Section II: Nutritional support in cancer
359(18)
21.4 Effect of nutritional support on nutritional status
359(5)
21.5 Effects of nutritional support on clinical outcome
364(5)
21.6 Oral nutritional supplementation
369(1)
21.7 Effects of nutritional support on tumor growth
369(2)
21.8 Perspectives on the future
371(6)
References and further reading
377(1)
22 Pediatric Nutrition 378(50)
Anthony F Williams
22.1 Introduction
378(2)
22.2 Growth
380(7)
22.3 The impact of development on nutrition
387(5)
22.4 Infant feeding
392(6)
22.5 Preschool children
398(2)
22.6 Schoolchildren and adolescents
400(1)
22.7 Undernutrition in children
401(10)
22.8 Nutrition as treatment
411(13)
22.9 Overweight in children: fatness and 'obesity'
424(2)
22.10 Perspectives on the future
426(1)
References and further reading
427(1)
23 Cystic Fibrosis 428(13)
Olive Tully and Julie Dowsett
23.1 Introduction
428(1)
23.2 Definition and pathology
428(1)
23.3 Clinical features of cystic fibrosis
429(3)
23.4 Malnutrition in cystic fibrosis
432(1)
23.5 Other nutritional considerations in cystic fibrosis
433(2)
23.6 Nutritional management
435(1)
23.7 Vitamin supplementation in cystic fibrosis
436(2)
23.8 Mineral status in cystic fibrosis
438(1)
23.9 Perspectives on the future
439(1)
References and further reading
440(1)
24 Water and Electrolytes 441(16)
Meritxell Girvent, Guzman Franch, and Antonio Sitges-Serra
24.1 Introduction
441(1)
24.2 Water, electrolytes, and body composition
441(1)
24.3 Body water distribution
442(1)
24.4 Body electrolyte content: distribution and exchangeable fractions
442(1)
24.5 Intracellular water and the body cell mass concept
443(2)
24.6 Regulation of body water compartments
445(2)
24.7 Metabolic links: glucose, water, and sodium
447(1)
24.8 Body water compartments in chronic starvation
447(2)
24.9 Impact of acute pathological conditions on the ICW
449(1)
24.10 Body water in acute illness
449(2)
24.11 Water and electrolyte metabolism during refeeding
451(2)
24.12 Implications of water and sodium metabolism in nutrition therapy for specific clinical conditions
453(3)
24.13 Perspectives on the future
456(1)
References and further reading
456(1)
25 Illustrative Cases 457(15)
Simon P Allison
25.1 Introduction
457(1)
25.2 Children
458(2)
25.3 Anorexia of psychological origin and refeeding syndrome
460(1)
25.4 Malnutrition in the older person
461(2)
25.5 Bowel disease
463(4)
25.6 Catabolic illness
467(2)
25.7 Dysphagia
469(1)
25.8 Obesity
470(1)
Useful weblinks for core nutrition journals
471(1)
References
471(1)
Index 472

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