Preface

How to Use this Book

Introduction

What Is Ethics?

Ethics and Religion

The History of Ethics

Ethical Questions

What Is the Good Life?

Why Be Good? The Problem of Justification

Why Be Rational? The Place of Reason in Ethics

Which Is Right? Ethical Dilemmas

Ethical Concepts

Universality

Prudence and Morals

Happiness and the Good

Egoism and Altruism

Virtue and the Virtues

Facts and Values

Justice and Equality

Rights and Duties

Ethical Theories and Approaches

Teleology

Utilitarianism

Kant and Deontology

Social Contract Theory

Ethical Relativism

Pluralism and History

Feminist Ethics

Prologue: Ethics and Religion

The Hebrew Bible

The Ten Commandments

The New Testament

The Qur'an

Ancient Asia

India: Hinduism and Buddhism

Buddhism

China: Confucianism and Taoism

China: Taoism

1. Plato

Crito

The Republic

What Is Justice?: Books I, II, and IV

The Myth of the Cave: From Book VII

2. Aristotle

The Nicomachean Ethics

The Goal of Human Activity: From Book I

Moral Virtue: From Book II

Friendship: From Books VIII and IX

3. Saint Augustine

The City of God

The City of God: From Books XIV, XIX, and XXII

The Problem of Evil: From Books V and XIV

4. Thomas Hobbes

Leviathan

Of the Interior Beginnings of Voluntary Motions Commonly Called the Passions and the Speeches by Which They Are Expressed

Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning Their Felicity and Misery

Of the First and Second Natural Laws and of Contracts

Of the Causes, Generation, and Definition of a Commonwealth

Of the Liberty of Subjects

5. David Hume

Treatise of Human Nature

On Virtue and Vice in General

Of Love and Hatred

An Inquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals

Of the General Principles of Morals, Benevolence, and Justice: Sections I, II and III

Why Utility Pleases: From Section V

Virtue, Approval, and Self-Love: From Section IX and Appendix II

6. Immanuel Kant

Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals

Empirical and A Priori Ethics: Preface

The Rational Basis of Morality: From Section 1

The Categorical Imperative: From Section 2

Freedom and Autonomy: From Section 3

7. John Stuart Mill

Utilitarianism

Happiness and the Summum Bonum: Chapter 1

What Utilitarianism Is: Chapter 2

The Ultimate Sanction of the Principle of Utility: Chapter 3

The "Proof" of Utilitarianism: Chapter 4

Justice and Utility: Chapter 5

8. Friedrich Nietzsche

The Gay Science

Thus Spoke Zarathustra

Beyond Good and Evil

The Natural History of Morals

What Is Noble?

On the Genealogy of Morals

"Good and Evil"; "Good and Bad"

"Guilt," "Bad Conscience," and Related Matters

Twilight of the Idols

Morality as Anti-Nature

The Antichrist

Revaluation of All Values

The Will to Power

9. Jean-Paul Sartre

Existentialism Is a Humanism

Being and Nothingness

Bad Faith

Freedom and Responsibility

10. Bertrand Russell

Ethics and Objectivity

Subjectivism

A Critique of Subjectivism

Freedom and Happiness

11. John Rawls

A Theory of Justice

Justice as Fairness

Goodness as Rationality

The Sense of Justice

Glossary

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