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9783540260875

Reindeer Management in Northernmost Europe

by ; ; ; ; ;
  • ISBN13:

    9783540260875

  • ISBN10:

    3540260870

  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2006-02-15
  • Publisher: Springer Verlag

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Summary

The management of reindeer herds in northernmost Europe has been dramatically altered by changes in the environment, largely the result of human activities. This volume investigates the conditions upon which human-reindeer relations have been based, as well as those necessary for future reindeer management. It consists of three parts: I: Herders and Reindeer: The Cultural and Socioeconomic Dynamics of Human-Animal Relations II: Reindeer Herding - Effects on Soils, Soil Biota, and Vegetation III: Integrative Models for Reindeer Management: The Interface Between Social and Natural Sciences The results of process-oriented field and laboratory studies by scientists are efficaciously supported by those from research involving herders and their experience-based knowledge. In Northern Fennoscandia and Northwest Russia the issue is not just the conservation of the natural environment of reindeer, but also the survival of the Sàmi, the northern indigenous people who herd them.

Table of Contents

Prologue 1(4)
Part I: Herders and Reindeer: The Cultural and Socio-Economic Dynamics of Human-Animal Relations
Preface
5(2)
The Reindeer: A Brief Natural History
7(2)
References
9(130)
1 The Challenges of Modernity for Reindeer Management in Northernmost Europe
11(16)
B.C. FORBES
1.1 Introduction: The Research Setting
11(3)
1.2 Semantics and Book Structure
14(1)
1.3 Research Problems, Questions, Regions and Sites
15(3)
1.4 Issues and Concerns
18(2)
1.5 Challenges in Modern Reindeer Management
20(2)
1.6 Conclusions: Outlook to Resolutions to Conflicts in Reindeer Management
22(1)
References
23(4)
2 Dynamics in Human-Reindeer Relations: Reflections on Prehistoric, Historic and Contemporary Practices in Northernmost Europe
27(20)
L. MÜLLER-WILLE, D. HEINRICH, V.-P. LEHTOLA, P. AIKIO, Y. KONSTANTINOV, and V. VLADIMIROVA
2.1 Introduction: People and Reindeer in Northern Environments
27(1)
2.2 Remarks on Prehistoric and Early Historic Dimensions of Human-Reindeer Relations
28(3)
2.3 The Emergence of Sámi Practices in Reindeer Nomadism and Large-Scale Herding
31(3)
2.4 Sámi Reindeer Herding in Crisis: Reflections on Practices in Sápmi, Finland
34(5)
2.5 Human-Reindeer Relationships in the Post-Soviet Context: Kola Peninsula (Northwest Russia)
39(2)
2.6 Conclusion: The Future of Human-Reindeer Relations and its Practices
41(2)
References
43(4)
3 Development of Participatory Institutions for Reindeer Management in Finland: A Diagnosis of Deliberation, Knowledge Integration and Sustainability
47(26)
J. HUKKINEN, L. MÜLLER-WILLE, P. AIKIO, H. HEIKKINEN, O. JÄÄSKO, A. LAAKSO, H. MAGGA, S. NEVALAINEN, O. POKURI, K. RAITIO and N. WEST
3.1 Introduction
47(3)
3.2 Knowledge Integration: The Path from an Idea to a Policy Recommendation
50(1)
3.2.1 Modes of Networking
51(1)
3.2.2 Pioneer Networking
55(1)
3.2.3 Translational Networking
58(1)
3.2.4 Modular Networking
59(1)
3.2.5 The Challenges of Knowledge Networking
60(1)
3.3 Building on Cognitive Potential: Knowledge Networking as an Emergent Institution for Sustainability
61(5)
3.4 Conclusion
66(2)
References
68(5)
4 Comparison of Indigennus and Scientific Perceptions of Reindeer Management
73(22)
L. HEIKKILÄ
4.1 Introduction: Research Questions, Approach, and Material
73(2)
4.2 Theoretical Background
75(3)
4.3 The Environmental Management System and its Recognition of Tasks
78(2)
4.4 Major Challenges in Management
80(4)
4.5 Monitoring vs. Observing for Practical Purposes: Contrasting Discourses
84(3)
4.6 The Integrative Challenges of Indigenous and Scientific Conceptions
87(2)
4.7 Conclusions: Needed Dialogue Between Indigenous and Scientific Perceptions
89(1)
References
90(5)
5 The Challenges and Dilemmas of Concession Reindeer Management in Sweden
95(22)
J.-L. JERNSLETTEN and H. BEACH
5.1 Introduction
95(3)
5.2 The Unexpected Field
98(1)
5.3 The Reindeer System in Sweden
99(1)
5.4 Early Legislation and Regulation
100(1)
5.5 Current Legislation and Regulation
101(1)
5.5.1 The Unique Tornedalen Case
101(1)
5.5.2 Concession Reindeer Herding in Tornedalen Today
102(1)
5.5.3 Distribution of Power
103(1)
5.5.4 Concession for What?
104(2)
5.6 A Small Scale System of Coexistence?
106(1)
5.6.1 Winter Pasture Activities
107(1)
5.6.2 Spring Migration
108(1)
5.6.3 Summer Pasture and Calf Marking
109(1)
5.7 Old System, New Challenges: The Future of the Concession System
110(3)
5.8 Conclusions: ...but Some Conflicts Exist
113(2)
References
115(2)
6 Changes in Property Regimes and Reindeer Herding Management in Post-Soviet Herding Collectives: The Case of the Municipality of Lovozero (Murmansk Region, Northwest Russia)
117(24)
Y. KONSTANTINOV and V. VLADIMIROVA
6.1 Introduction: The Setting
117(1)
6.2 A Brief Historical Survey of Land Reforms
118(1)
6.2.1 "State Peasants"
119(1)
6.2.2 Kolkhoz and Sovkhoz Building
120(1)
6.2.3 Agrarian Reforms: Work History vs. Restitution
121(1)
6.2.4 Herding Specifics
123(2)
6.3 Coping Strategies
125(1)
6.3.1 Agrarian Reforms as Power Tools
125(1)
6.3.2 The "Tundra" Collective of Lovozero
126(1)
6.3.3 Land Issues
127(1)
6.3.4 SKhPK Structure
127(1)
6.3.5 Administrative Management
128(1)
6.3.6 Private Reindeer (lichnye olen'i)
129(2)
6.4 Conclusions: An Apocalyptic Future for Reindeer Management?
131(1)
References
132(5)
Part II: Reindeer Herding - Effects on Soils, Soil Biota and Vegetation
Preface 137(2)
References 139(178)
7 Defining the Quality of Reindeer Pastures: The Perspectives of Sámi Reindeer Herders
141(26)
H. KITTI, N. GUNSLAY and B.C. FORBES
7.1 Introduction
141(2)
7.2 Reindeer Herding
143(1)
7.3 Theoretical background
144(2)
7.4 Study Sites
146(1)
7.4.1 Näkkälä Reindeer Herding District
146(1)
7.4.2 Sirkas Sámi Village
147(1)
7.5 Methods
147(1)
7.6 Results
148(1)
7.6.1 Factors Affecting the Quality of the Pastures
148(1)
7.6.1.1 Biological
148(1)
7.6.1.2 Geographical Factors
150(1)
7.6.1.3 Climatic Factors
151(1)
7.6.1.4 Socioeconomic Factors
152(2)
7.6.2 Management and Economic Questions
154(1)
7.6.3 Interactions Among the Different Factors
155(1)
7.7 Scientific Knowledge and Practitioners' Knowledge
155(3)
7.8 Discussion and Conclusions
158(2)
References
160(7)
8 Very High Resolution Remote Sensing Data in Reindeer Pasture Inventory in Northern Fennoscandia
167(20)
T. KUMPULA
8.1 Introduction
167(1)
8.1.1 Aims of the Research
168(1)
8.2 Research Area
169(1)
8.3 Material
170(1)
8.3.1 Field Data
170(1)
8.3.2 Remote Sensing and GIS Data
170(2)
8.4 Methods
172(1)
8.4.1 Lichens as Indicators of Grazing and Trampling Intensities
172(1)
8.4.2 Digital Image Processing and Accuracy Assessment
172(2)
8.5 Results
174(1)
8.5.1 Classification of Reindeer Pasture Types
174(1)
8.5.1.1 Winter Pastures
174(1)
8.5.1.2 Summer Pastures
176(1)
8.5.1.3 Other Classes
176(2)
8.5.2 Accuracy Assessment
178(1)
8.5.3 Reindeer Lichen Biomass on Winter Pasture Types
180(1)
8.6 Discussion
181(1)
8.6.1 IKONOS-2 Image Classification and Accuracy
181(1)
8.6.2 Grazing and Trampling Intensities in the Jauristunturit
182(1)
8.6.3 Very High Resolution Remote Sensing Data in Reindeer Pasture Inventory
183(1)
8.7 Conclusions
183(1)
References
184(3)
9 Vegetation: Structure, Cover and Biomass of Subarctic Tundra Wetlands Used as Summer Pastures
187(12)
H. KITTH and B.C. FORBES
9.1 Introduction
187(1)
9.2 Study Site and Methods
188(1)
9.2.1 Plant composition
191(1)
9.2.2 Biomass
191(1)
9.2.3 Data analysis
191(1)
9.3 Results
192(2)
9.4 Discussion
194(1)
References
195(4)
10 The Chemical Response of Reindeer Summer Pasture Plants in a Subarctic Peatland to Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation
199(18)
P. SOPPELA, M. TURUNEN, B.C. FORBES, P. AIKIO, H. MAGGA, M.-L. SUTINEN, K. LAKKALA and C. UHLIG
10.1 Introduction
199(3)
10.2 Material and Methods
202(1)
10.2.1 Study Site
202(1)
10.2.2 UV Filtration Experiment
202(1)
10.2.3 Sampling and Analyses
205(1)
10.3 Results
206(1)
10.3.1 Weather and IrraIiance Conditions
206(1)
10.3.2 Content of Soluble Phenolics in Different Plant Species
207(1)
10.3.3 Content of Nitrogen and Fibers in Different Plant Species
208(1)
10.3.4 Digestibility of Different Plant Species
209(1)
10.4 Discussion
210(2)
10.5 Conclusions
212(1)
References
213(4)
11 Consequences of Grazing on Soil Physical and Mechanical Properties in Forest and Tundra Environments
217(28)
S. PETH and R. HORN
11.1 Introduction
217(1)
11.2 Study Areas and Sampling Sites
217(5)
11.3 Materials and Methods
222(1)
11.3.1 Assessment of Soil Structure and Pore Functioning
222(1)
11.3.2 Assessment of Soil Stability
223(1)
11.3.3 Assessment of Heat and Water Flow
223(1)
11.4 Results
224(1)
11.4.1 Changes in Soil Structure and Conductivity Functions
224(1)
11.4.2 Stress-Strain Relationships of the Investigated Soils
230(1)
11.4.2.1 Stability of Soil Structure
230(1)
11.4.2.2 Soil Deformation Under Cyclic Loading
232(2)
11.4.3 Changes in Macroclimate and Moisture Regime
234(1)
11.4.3.1 Exchange of Heat Between Atmosphere and Pedosphere
234(1)
11.4.3.2 Exchange of Water between Atmosphere and Pedosphere
237(1)
11.5 Discussion
238(1)
11.5.1 Changes in Soil Structure and Functioning as a Result of Mechanical Loading
238(1)
11.5.2 Changes in Soil Thermal Regime as a Result of Changing Lichen Cover
239(2)
11.6 Conclusion
241(1)
References
241(4)
12 Changes in Organic Horizon Soil Properties Due to Reindeer Herding and Changing Management
245(20)
C. UHLIG and A. ZINK
12.1 Introduction
245(2)
12.2 Materials and Methods
247(1)
12.2.1 Selection of Study Area
247(1)
12.2.2 The concept of Degradation/Succession Stages
248(1)
12.2.3 Soil Description, Sampling, and Analysis
250(1)
12.2.4 Statistical Analysis
252(1)
12.3 Results
252(5)
12.4 Discussion
257(1)
12.4.1 Quantitative Changes
257(1)
12.4.2 Erosion
258(1)
12.4.3 Microbial Activity
258(1)
12.4.4 Qualitative Changes
259(1)
12.4.5 Pathways of Nutrient Loss
260(1)
12.4.6 Soil Fertility and Pasture Productivity
261(1)
12.5 Conclusions
261(1)
References
262(3)
13 Changing Microbial Ecology with Changes in Grazing and its Management
265(32)
M. BOLTER and R. MOLLER
13.1 Introduction
265(1)
13.1.1 Effects of Changes in Land Use
265(1)
13.1.2 Soil Habitats in Northern Fennoscandia
267(1)
13.2 Locations, Sampling, and Analytical Methods
268(1)
13.2.1 Areas of Investigation
268(1)
13.2.2 Sampling
270(1)
13.2.3 Analyses
270(1)
13.3 Results
271(1)
13.3.1 Forest Environments (Vuotso Area)
271(1)
13.3.2 Dry Tundra (Jauristunturit Area)
274(1)
13.3.3 Microbial Communities
279(2)
13.4 Discussion
281(1)
13.4.1 Effects of Climate and Soil Conditions on Soil Biota
282(1)
13.4.2 Effects of Grazing on Soil Biota
284(1)
13.4.3 Effects on Microbial Communities
285(1)
13.4.4 Effects on Soil Respiration
286(1)
13.5 Conclusion
287(1)
References
288(9)
14 Hygienic Status of Soils and Surface Waters in Reindeer Herding Areas in Northernmost Europe
297(20)
N. KEMPER, C. HÖLLER and A. ASCHFALK
14.1 Introduction
297(1)
14.2 Reindeer as an Animal Reservoir for Pathogens with Zoonotic Potential
298(1)
14.3 Pathogens in Soils
299(1)
14.4 Pathogens in Surface Waters
300(1)
14.5 Materials and Methods
301(1)
14.5.1 Fecal Samples
301(1)
14.5.2 Soil Samples
304(1)
14.5.3 Surface Water Samples
304(1)
14.6 Results
305(3)
14.7 Discussion
308(2)
References
310(7)
Part III: Integrative Models for Reindeer Management: The Interface Between Social and Natural Sciences
Preface 317(64)
15 Population Trends of Semi-Domesticated Reindeer in Fennoscandia - Evaluation of Explanations
319(22)
T. HELLE and I. KOJOLA
15.1 Introduction
319(1)
15.2 Material and Methods
320(2)
15.3 Synchrony in Population Trends
322(1)
15.4 Explanations of Population Trends
323(4)
15.5 Evaluation of Explanations
327(5)
15.6 Discussion
332(4)
References
336(5)
16 Systems Analysis of Finnish Reindeer Management
341(24)
B. BURKHARD and F. MÜLLER
16.1 Introduction
341(2)
16.2 Methods and Data Basis
343(1)
16.3 The Investigation Sites
344(1)
16.4 Modeling and Indicator Derivation
345(3)
16.5 Analysis
348(1)
16.5.1 Land Use Pattern
349(1)
16.5.2 Ecological Integrity
350(1)
16.5.3 Economic Welfare
352(1)
16.5.4 Social Welfare
353(1)
16.6 Future Scenario Derivations
354(1)
16.6.1 Land Use Pattern
356(1)
16.6.2 Ecological Integrity
356(1)
16.6.3 Economic Welfare
357(1)
16.6.4 Social Welfare
358(1)
16.6.5 Potentially Sustainable Scenario
358(2)
16.7 Conclusion
360(2)
References
362(3)
17 Synthesis: Environmental and Socio-Political Conditions or Modern Reindeer Management in Europe's North
365(16)
L. MÜLLER-WILLE, J. HUKKINEN, F. MÜLLER, M. BÖLTER, and B.C. FORBES
17.1 Introduction: Linking Practical and Scientific Knowledge
365(1)
17.2 Issues of Sustainable Reindeer Herding and Management
366(1)
17.2.1 Competing Interests: Space, Mobility, and Land Use Practices
367(1)
17.2.2 Potential Impact of Climatic Change and Radiation
368(1)
17.2.3 Environmental Conditions and Herding Strategies
369(2)
17.3 Herders and Reindeer: The Human Dynamics of Herding and Management
371(1)
17.3.1 Divergent Cultural and Philosophical Premises
371(1)
17.3.2 Knowledge and Science: Bridging Diverse Approaches
372(1)
17.3.3 Socioeconomic Considerations
374(1)
17.3.4 Political and Legal Aspects
374(1)
17.4 Anticipated Issues in Herding and Management Practices
375(1)
17.5 Conclusions: Recommendations for Reindeer Management
376(2)
References
378(3)
Epilogue 381(4)
Subject Index 385

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