Contributors

xiii

(2)

Foreword

(4)

Preface

xix

1 Quasi-Optical Power Combining

(48)

Robert A. York

1 Applications Potential and Technological Constraints

(3)

2 Power-Combining Circuits

(4)

3 Spatial or Quasi-Optical Arrays

(16)

3.1 Maximum Power Density

(2)

3.2 Quasi-Optical Array Topologies

(4)

3.3 Planar Antennas for Arrays

(4)

4 Analytical Techniques for Quasi-Optical Arrays

(8)

4.1 Passive Array Analysis

(3)

4.2 Active and Nonlinear Circuit Analysis

(3)

4.3 Nonlinear Dynamics

(2)

5 Array Characterization and Figures of Merit

(9)

5.1 Aperture Efficiency and Polarizers

(3)

5.2 Dominant-Mode Coupling

(2)

5.3 Effective Radiated Power of Sources/Transmitters

(1)

5.4 Gain of Beam Amplifiers

(2)

5.5 Combining Efficiency

(1)

6 Conclusions

(2)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(5)

2 Spatial Power Combining

(36)

Mark A. Gouker

1 Feeding and Combining Approaches

(3)

2 Trade-Offs for Spatial Power-Combined Amplifiers and Transmitters

(13)

2.1 System Configurations

(2)

2.2 Array Architecture (Tile Approach or Tray Approach)

(3)

2.3 Circuit-Fed Versus Spatially Fed

(3)

2.4 Grid Arrays Versus Distinct Component Arrays

(2)

2.5 Monolithic Versus Hybrid Construction

(2)

2.6 Trade-Off Summary

(1)

3 Losses in Spatial Power-Combining Systems

(2)

4 Circuit-Fed/Spatially Combined Amplifier Arrays

(14)

4.1 Differences from Phased Arrays

(1)

4.2 Components for Arrays

(3)

4.3 Examples

(10)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(2)

3 Active Integrated Antennas

(50)

Siou Teck Chew

Tatsuo Itoh

1 Design Issues

(10)

1.1 Size of Antenna and Active Devices

(1)

1.2 Surface Wave Excitation

(2)

1.3 Heat Sinking

(1)

1.4 Free-Space Mutual Coupling

(3)

1.5 Unwanted Radiation from the RF Circuit

(1)

1.6 Antenna as a Resonator in Oscillator Design

(1)

1.7 Nonferrite Device Integration

(1)

1.8 Antenna Dynamic Load

(1)

1.9 Lack of Simulation Tool

(1)

1.10 Testing in a Non-50 Environment

(1)

1.11 Others

(1)

2 Review of the Field

(8)

2.1 Amplifier Type

(1)

2.2 Oscillator Type

(2)

2.3 Frequency-Conversion-Type Circuits

100

(2)

2.4 Optical-Integrated Type

102

(2)

3 Choice of Planar Antennas

104

(8)

3.1 Introduction

104

(1)

3.2 Patch Antenna

105

(4)

3.3 Slot Antennas

109

(3)

3.4 Others

112

(1)

4 FDTD Aalysis and Visualization

112

(3)

4.1 Introduction

112

(1)

4.2 FDTD

113

(1)

4.3 Integration of the Active Device in FDTD

114

(1)

4.4 Simulation of Active Antennas

114

(1)

5 Case Studies

115

(13)

5.1 Gunn/Patch Oscillator [82, 83]

115

(3)

5.2 Active Slot Antenna [48]

118

(2)

5.3 Noncontact ID Transponder [61]

120

(2)

5.4 Monopulse Switch [84]

122

(3)

5.5 Doppler Transceiver [87]

125

(3)

References

128

(7)

4 Coupled-Oscillator Arrays and Scanning Techniques

135

(52)

Jonathan J. Lynch

Heng-Chia Chang

Robert A. York

1 Introduction

136

(2)

2 Oscillator Modeling

138

(7)

2.1 Injection-Locking

142

(2)

2.2 Oscillator Noise

144

(1)

3 Systems of Coupled Oscillators

145

(26)

3.1 Derivation of the Dynamic Equations

147

(2)

3.2 Stability of Solutions

149

(1)

3.3 Broadband Coupling Networks

150

(1)

3.4 Analysis, Synthesis, and Simplifications

151

(2)

3.5 Linear Arrays with Nearest-Neighbor Bilateral Coupling

153

(4)

3.6 Experimental Results

157

(6)

3.7 Transient Response to Tuning Variations

163

(3)

3.8 Phase Noise Analysis

166

(5)

4 Scanning Oscillator Arrays

171

(10)

4.1 Unilateral Injection-Locking

171

(3)

4.2 Stephan's Scanning Approach

174

(2)

4.3 Bilateral Coupling with Symmetric End Tuning

176

(4)

4.4 Variations

180

(1)

Appendix: Kurokawa's Substitution

181

(2)

Acknowledgments

183

(1)

References

183

(4)

5 Quasi-Optical Antenna-Array Amplifiers

187

(58)

Zoya B. Popovic

Robert A. York

Emilio A. Sovero

Jon Schoenberg

1 Introduction

188

(5)

1.1 Quasi-Optical Amplifier Gain

190

(1)

1.2 Quasi-Optical Amplifier Array Feed

190

(3)

2 Antenna Elements for Amplifier Arrays

193

(12)

2.1 Patch Antennas

193

(1)

2.2 Slot Antennas

193

(8)

2.3 Broadband Tapered-Slot Antennas

201

(4)

3 Plane-Wave-Feed Amplifier Arrays

205

(21)

3.1 Polarization-Preserving Class-A 24-Element MESFET Patch Array

205

(3)

3.2 High-Efficiency Class-E MESFET Slot Array

208

(2)

3.3 C-Band Folded-Slot Array

210

(3)

3.4 X-Band Multiple-Slot Array with Commercial MMICs

213

(1)

3.5 X-Band Tapered-Slot Array in Waveguide

214

(2)

3.6 Ka-Band Quasi-Monolithic 2.4-W Array

216

(3)

3.7 Monolithic 42-GHZ Quasi-Optic Amplifiers

219

(4)

3.8 60-GHz Monolithic Patch/Slot Amplifier Array

223

(3)

4 Lens Amplifiers

226

(14)

4.1 Historical Development of Constrained Lenses

227

(4)

4.2 Two-Dimensional Patch Lens Amplifier Array

231

(3)

4.3 Low-Noise CPW Slot Lens Amplifier

234

(6)

5 Conclusions

240

(2)

References

242

(3)

6 Multilayer and Distributed Arrays

245

(32)

Amir Mortazawi

Carl L. Brockman

John F. Hubert

1 Introduction

245

(3)

2 A Multilayer Amplifier Array

248

(15)

2.1 Double-Layer Amplifier Architecture

251

(1)

2.2 Through Wafer Coupling Mechanism

252

(2)

2.3 The Amplifier's Unit Cells

254

(1)

2.4 A Unit Cell with High Active Device Density

255

(1)

2.5 Near-Field Excitation of Spatial Amplifiers

256

(2)

2.6 Excitation Using Hard Horn Feeds

258

(2)

2.7 Spatial Amplifier Measurements

260

(3)

3 Multilayer Spatial Amplifier Arrays

263

(4)

3.1 Monolithic Design of Double-Layer Arrays

264

(3)

4 Spatial Power-Combining Oscillators Based on an Extended Resonance Technique

267

(5)

4.1 Unit Cell Design

268

(2)

4.2 Spatial Power-Combining Oscillator Array

270

(2)

5 Discussion

272

(2)

References

274

(3)

7 Planar Quasi-Optical Power Combining

277

(16)

Michael B. Steer

James W. Mink

Huan-Sheng Hwang

1 Introduction

277

(3)

2 Theory of Planar Quasi-Optical Waveguiding

280

(4)

3 Planar Quasi-Optical Oscillator

284

(3)

4 Rectangular Waveguide Transition

287

(1)

5 Planar Quasi-Optical Amplifier

288

(4)

Acknowledgments

292

(1)

References

292

(1)

8 Grid Oscillators

293

(38)

Zoya B. Popovic

Wayne A. Shriuma

Robert M. Weikle II

1 Introduction

293

(5)

1.1 What Are Grid Oscillators?

293

(3)

1.2 Figures-of-Merit for Grid Oscillators

296

(2)

2 Overview

298

(12)

2.1 Two-Terminal Grid Oscillators

299

(2)

2.2 Three-Terminal Grid Oscillators

301

(6)

2.3 Comparison of Reported Grids

307

(3)

3 Analysis Techniques

310

(10)

3.1 The Induced EMF Method for Planar Grids

311

(3)

3.2 Generalized Full-Wave Analysis

314

(3)

3.3 Verification of the Grid Models

317

(3)

4 Power Optimization

320

(2)

5 Cascaded Grids

322

(5)

5.1 Voltage-Controlled Grid Oscillator

322

(3)

5.2 Dual-Frequency Grid Oscillator

325

(1)

5.3 Three-Dimensional Grid Oscillator

325

(2)

6 Conclusion

327

(1)

References

327

(4)

9 Grid Amplifiers

331

(46)

Michael P. De Lisio

Cheh-Ming Liu

1 Introduction and Background

331

(6)

2 Modeling

337

(5)

2.1 Gain Modeling

337

(3)

2.2 Stability Modeling

340

(2)

3 A 100-Element Hybrid pHEMT Grid Amplifier

342

(19)

3.1 Grid Construction

342

(4)

3.2 Gain

346

(7)

3.3 Angular Dependence

353

(3)

3.4 Noise

356

(2)

3.5 Power

358

(3)

4 A Monolithic HBT Grid Amplifier

361

(6)

4.1 Grid Construction

361

(1)

4.2 Gain

362

(3)

4.3 Angular Dependence

365

(1)

4.4 Power

365

(2)

5 A Monolithic pHEMT Grid Amplifier

367

(6)

5.1 Grid Construction

367

(1)

5.2 Gain

368

(2)

5.3 Tuning Range

370

(3)

6 Conclusions

373

(1)

Acknowledgments

373

(1)

References

373

(4)

10 Beam-Control Arrays

377

(32)

Karl D. Stephan

1 Background

377

(4)

1.1 Passive Grids for Millimeter-Wave Beams

378

(2)

1.2 Active "RADANT" Grids for Microwave Beams

380

(1)

2 Active Grid Arrays: Basic Principles of Operation

381

(6)

2.1 Passive Square Mesh on a Dielectric Interface

381

(2)

2.2 Active Mesh: Reflection Design

383

(2)

2.3 Active Mesh: Transmission Design

385

(1)

2.4 Active Mesh: Phase Shift Design

386

(1)

3 Advantages and Limitations of Beam-Control Arrays

387

(7)

3.1 Electrical Limitations

388

(4)

3.2 Mechanical Limitations

392

(2)

4 Examples of Beam-Control Arrays

394

(12)

4.1 Switching Hybrid PIN-Diode Array for 94 GHz

394

(5)

4.2 Switching and Phase Shifting Monolithic Varactor-Diode Array at 60 GHz

399

(2)

4.3 Phase-Shifting Monolithic Varactor-Diode Array at 94 GHz

401

(5)

5 Conclusion

406

(1)

Acknowledgments

407

(1)

References

407

(2)

11 Frequency Conversion Grids

409

(46)

Jung-Chih Chiao

1 Motivation

409

(2)

1.1 Application

409

(1)

1.2 Sources

410

(1)

2 Waveguide Multipliers

411

(4)

3 Quasi-Optical Grid Multipliers

415

(2)

3.1 Concept

415

(1)

3.2 Advantages

416

(1)

3.3 Achievements

416

(1)

4 66-GHz Frequency Doubler Grid

417

(3)

5 99-GHz Frequency Tripler Grid

420

(2)

6 THz Frequency Doubler Grid

422

(24)

6.1 Planar Schottky Diodes

423

(2)

6.2 The 6 x 6 Diode-Grid Arrays

425

(2)

6.3 Design Approach

427

(8)

6.4 Measurements

435

(9)

6.5 Nonlinear Analysis

444

(2)

7 Sideband Generator

446

(3)

8 Conclusion

449

(1)

Acknowledgments

450

(1)

References

450

(5)

12 Quasi-Optical Subsystems

455

(30)

Zoya B. Popovic

Gerald Johnson

1 Introduction

455

(3)

2 Transmitting Quasi-Optical Subsystems

458

(12)

2.1 Two-Level Power Combining

458

(5)

2.2 Beam Steering Using a Lens Amplifier

463

(6)

2.3 Beam Forming Using a Lens Amplifier

469

(1)

3 Receiving Quasi-Optical Subsystems

470

(6)

3.1 Self-Oscillating Grid Mixer

471

(2)

3.2 Receiving Lens Amplifier

473

(1)

3.3 Quasi-Optical Receiver with Diversity

474

(2)

4 Some Other Components for Quasi-Optical Subsystems

476

(5)

4.1 A Quasi-Optical Linear-to-Circular Polarizer

476

(2)

4.2 A Quasi-Optical Isolator/Directional Coupler

478

(1)

4.3 Quasi-Optical Modulators

479

(2)

5 What Needs To Be Done?

481

(2)

5.1 Application Example--Space Communications

481

(1)

5.2 Work To Be Done

482

(1)

References

483

(2)

13 Commercial Applications of Quasi-Optics

485

(38)

Richard C. Compton

Mehran Matloubian

Mark J. Vaughan

1 Introduction

485

(1)

2 Power Requirements

486

(2)

2.1 Modulation Schemes

486

(1)

2.2 Spectral Efficiency

487

(1)

3 Device Technologies

488

(10)

3.1 Diodes

489

(2)

3.2 HBTs

491

(3)

3.3 FETs

494

(2)

3.4 Device Comparison

496

(2)

4 Oscillator Arrays

498

(10)

4.1 Array Phase Noise

498

(4)

4.2 Modulation

502

(3)

4.3 Omniazimuthal Arrays

505

(3)

5 Amplifier Arrays

508

(1)

5.1 Nonlinearities in Arrays

508

(1)

5.2 Heat Dissipation

508

(1)

6 Imaging and Receiver Applications

509

(3)

7 Realization of Quasi-Optical Arrays

512

(2)

8 References

514

(9)

Index

523

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Active and Quasi-Optical Arrays for Solid-State Power Combining

9780471146148

0471146145

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