9780521812016

Soils: Genesis and Geomorphology is a comprehensive and accessible textbook on all aspects of soils. The book's introductory chapters on soil morphology, physics, mineralogy and organisms prepare the reader for the more advanced and thorough treatment that follows. Theory and processes of soil genesis and geomorphology form the backbone of the book, rather than the emphasis on soil classification that permeates other less imaginative soils textbooks. This refreshingly readable text takes a truly global perspective, with many examples from around the world sprinkled throughout. Replete with hundreds of high quality figures and a large glossary, this book will be invaluable for anyone studying soils, landforms and landscape change. Soils: Genesis and Geomorphology is an ideal textbook for mid- to upper-level undergraduate and graduate level courses in soils, pedology and geomorphology. It will also be an invaluable reference text for researchers.

Preface

xi

Acknowledgements

xii

Part I The building blocks of the soil

1

(164)

Introduction

3

(6)

Pioneers of soil science, soil survey and soil geography

4

(2)

Things we hold self-evident...

6

(1)

The framework for this book

7

(2)

Basic concepts: soil morphology

9

(23)

Texture

9

(5)

Color

14

(3)

Pores, voids and bulk density

17

(1)

Structure

18

(2)

Consistence

20

(2)

Presentation of soil profile data

22

(1)

Soil micromorphology

22

(10)

Basic concepts: soil horizonation... the alphabet of soils

32

(22)

Regolith, residuum and the weathering profile

32

(1)

The soil profile, pedon, polypedon and map unit

33

(3)

Soil horizons and the solum

36

(1)

Types of soil horizons

36

(16)

Buried soils

52

(2)

Basic concepts: soil mineralogy

54

(28)

Bonding and crystal structures

54

(1)

Oxides

55

(5)

Chlorides, carbonates, sulfates, sulfides, and phosphates

60

(1)

Silicates

61

(12)

Identification of phyllosilicates by X-ray diffraction

73

(7)

Identification of iron and aluminum oxides

80

(2)

Basic concepts: soil physics

82

(11)

Soil water retention and energy

82

(3)

Soil water movement

85

(2)

Soil temperature

87

(4)

Soil gas composition and transport

91

(2)

Basic concepts: soil organisms

93

(13)

Primary producers

93

(3)

Soil fauna

96

(10)

Soil classification, mapping and maps

106

(59)

Soil geography, mapping and classification

106

(1)

The system of Soil Taxonomy

107

(39)

The Canadian system of soil classification

146

(1)

Soil mapping and soil maps

146

(12)

Soil landscape analysis

158

(7)

Part II Soil genesis: from parent material to soil

165

(298)

Soil parent materials

167

(59)

Effects of parent material on soils

167

(2)

The mutability of time zero

169

(1)

A classification of parent materials

170

(45)

Lithologic discontinuities in soil parent materials

215

(11)

Weathering

226

(13)

Physical weathering

227

(4)

Chemical and biotic weathering

231

(5)

Products of weathering

236

(1)

Controls on physical and chemical weathering

236

(2)

Assessing weathering intensity

238

(1)

Pedoturbation

239

(56)

Classifying pedoturbation: proisotropic vs. proanisotropic

239

(5)

Expressions of pedoturbation

244

(1)

Forms of pedoturbation

245

(48)

Lesser-studied forms of pedoturbation

293

(2)

Models and concepts of soil formation

295

(52)

Dokuchaev and Jenny: functional-factorial models

296

(24)

Simonson's process-systems model

320

(3)

Runge's energy model

323

(1)

Johnson's soil thickness model

324

(1)

Johnson and Watson-Stegner's soil evolution model

325

(14)

Phillips' deterministic chaos and uncertainty concepts

339

(3)

Other models

342

(1)

The geologic timescale and paleoclimates as applied to soils

342

(5)

Soil genesis and profile differentiation

347

(116)

Eluviation-illuviation

353

(1)

Process bundles

354

(102)

Surface additions and losses

456

(4)

Mass balance analysis, strain and self-weight collapse

460

(3)

Part III Soil geomorphology

463

(194)

Soil geomorphology and hydrology

465

(82)

The geomorphic surface

466

(2)

Surface morphometry

468

(1)

The catena concept

469

(45)

Soil geomorphology case studies, models and paradigms

514

(33)

Soil development and surface exposure dating

547

(72)

Stratigraphic terminology, principles and geomorphic surfaces

547

(2)

Numerical dating

549

(1)

Relative dating

550

(4)

Principles of surface exposure dating (SED)

554

(1)

SED methods based on geomorphology, geology and biology

555

(12)

SED methods based on soil development

567

(20)

Chronosequences

587

(9)

Numerical dating techniques applicable to soils

596

(23)

Soils, paleosols and paleoenvironmental reconstruction

619

(34)

Paleosols and paleopedology

620

(12)

Environmental pedo-signatures

632

(21)

Conclusions and Perspectives

653

(4)

References

657

(84)

Glossary

741

(50)

Index

791

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Soils: Genesis and Geomorphology

0521812011

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