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9783540421764

Semiconductor Spintronics and Quantum Computation

by ; ;
  • ISBN13:

    9783540421764

  • ISBN10:

    3540421769

  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2002-08-01
  • Publisher: Springer Verlag
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Summary

The manipulation of electric charge in bulk semiconductors and their heterostructures is the basis of nearly all modern electronic and opto-electronic devices. Recent studies of spin-dependent phenomena in semiconductors open the door to technologies that harness the spin of the electron in semiconductor devices. In addition to providing spin-dependent analogies that extend existing electronic devices into the realm of semiconductor "spintronics," the spin degree of freedom also offers prospects for fundamentally new functionality in the quantum domain, ranging from storage to computation. This is likely to play a crucial role in the information technologies in the 21st century. This book, written by a team of experts, provides an overview of emerging concepts in this rapidly developing field. The topics range from spin transport and injection in semiconductors and their heterostructures to coherent processes and computation in semiconductor quantum structures and microcavities.

Table of Contents

Ferromagnetic III-V Semiconductors and Their Heterostructures
1(30)
Hideo Ohno
Introduction
1(1)
Preparation of III-V Based Ferromagnetic Semiconductors
2(2)
Magnetic Properties
4(2)
Transport Properties
6(6)
The Hall Effect
6(2)
Temperature and Magnetic Field Dependence of Resistivity
8(4)
Carrier-Induced Ferromagnetism
12(4)
Basic Properties of Ferromagnetic III-V Semiconductor Heterostructures
16(1)
Spin-Dependent Scattering and Tunnel Magnetoresistance the in Trilayer Structures
17(2)
Ferromagnetic Emitter Resonant Tunneling Diodes
19(2)
Spin-Injection in Ferromagnetic Semiconductor Heterostructures
21(2)
Electric-Field Control of Hole-Induced Ferromagnetism
23(2)
Summary and Outlook
25(6)
References
26(5)
Spin Injection and Transport in Micro- and Nanoscale Devices
31(62)
Hong X. Tang
F.G. Monzon
Friso J. Jedema
Andrei T. Filip
Bart J. van Wees
Michael L. Roukes
Overview
31(1)
Background
32(8)
Spin Polarized Tunneling
32(1)
Spin Injection in Clean Bulk Metals
33(3)
Conceptual Picture of Spin Injection
36(3)
Spin Injection in Impure Metal Films
39(1)
Toward a Semiconducting ``Spin Transistor''
40(7)
Why a Spin Transistor?
40(1)
Why Semiconductors?
40(1)
Concept
41(1)
Prerequisites for Realizing a Spin Transistor
42(1)
Spin Lifetime in the Conduction Channel
43(1)
Gate Control of the Spin Orbit Interaction (Theory)
43(1)
Gate Control of the Spin Orbit Interaction (Experiment)
44(3)
Initial Experiments on Spin Injection in Semiconductor Heterostructures
47(8)
Motivation and Initial Data
47(3)
Local Hall Effect
50(1)
Results from Smaller, Optimized Devices
51(4)
Spin Injection in Diffusive Systems
55(13)
Basic Model for Spin Transport in Diffusive Systems
56(2)
The F/N Interface
58(1)
Spin Accumulation in Multiterminal Spin Valve Structures
59(2)
Observation of Spin-Injection and Spin-Accumulation in an All-Metal Spin Valve
61(1)
Comparison with the Johnson ``Spin Transistor''
62(1)
Future Prospects for Spin Accumulation and Spin Transport in All Metal Devices
63(1)
Spin Injection in a Diffusive Semiconductor
63(1)
Conductivity Mismatch
63(3)
Possible Solutions to Conductivity Mismatch
66(2)
Spin Transport in the Ballistic Regime
68(11)
Multiprobe Model for Ballistic Spin Polarized Transport
68(4)
Results of Spin Resolved 4-Probe Model
72(3)
8-Probe Model: Junction, Bulk, and Boundary Scattering
75(2)
The Spin Transistor: A Closer Look
77(1)
Other Theoretical Treatments
78(1)
Projections and Conclusions
79(14)
Retrospective: The Spin Transistor
79(2)
Recent Advances in Spin Transport Across Interfaces
81(4)
Recent Advances in Spin Injection Via Semimagnetic Semiconductors
85(1)
Recent Advances in Spin Propagation in Semiconductors
85(1)
Detection of Nonequilibrium Spin Polarization
86(1)
References
87(6)
Electrical Spin Injection: Spin-Polarized Transport from Magnetic into Non-Magnetic Semiconductors
93(14)
Georg Schmidt
Laurens W. Molenkamp
Introduction
93(1)
Electrical Spin Injection
94(7)
Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors
94(1)
The Optical Detection of Spin Injection
95(1)
The Spin Aligner LED
96(1)
Experimental Results
97(2)
Exclusion of Side Effects
99(1)
Hole Injection
100(1)
A Novel Magnetoresistance Effect
101(3)
Theoretical Prediction
101(1)
Device Layout
102(1)
Results and Interpretation
103(1)
Outlook
104(3)
References
105(2)
Spin Dynamics in Semiconductors
107(40)
Michael E. Flatte
Jeff M. Byers
Wayne H. Lau
Introduction
107(1)
Fundamentals of Semiconductor Spin Coherence
108(15)
Coherent Ensembles of Spins
109(1)
Mobile Electron Decoherence Via the Spin-Orbit Interaction
110(5)
Sources of Inversion Asymmetry
115(6)
Comparison with Ultrafast Probes of Orbital Coherence
121(2)
Concluding Remarks
123(1)
Precessional Spin Coherence Times in Bulk and Nanostructure Semiconductors
123(8)
Magnitude of the Fluctuating Field
125(1)
Calculation of the Effective Time for Field Reversal
126(1)
Spin Decoherence Times in Bulk III-V Semiconductors
126(1)
Spin Decoherence in III-V (001) Quantum Wells
127(4)
Spin Transport
131(8)
Drift-Diffusion Equations
132(1)
Low-Field Motion of Spin Packets in Nonmagnetic Semiconductors
133(2)
Diffusion and Mobility of Packets in GaAs
135(2)
Influence of Many-Body Effects on Low-Field Spin Diffusion
137(1)
Motion of Spin Packets in Spin-Polarized Semiconductors
138(1)
High-Field Spin Transport in the Diffusive Regime
139(1)
Spin Transport in Inhomogeneous Structures
139(3)
Transport Across the Ferromagnet/Semiconductor Boundary
140(2)
Conclusion
142(5)
References
143(4)
Optical Manipulation, Transport and Storage of Spin Coherence in Semiconductors
147(48)
David D. Awschalom
Nitin Samarth
Introduction
147(1)
Experimental Techniques for Measuring Spin Coherence in Semiconductors
148(5)
Electron Spin Coherence in Bulk Semiconductors
153(7)
Electron Spin Coherence in Semiconductor Quantum Dots
160(2)
Coherent Spin Transport in Semiconductors
162(13)
Lateral Drag in GaAs
162(4)
Transport Across Heterointerfaces in ZnSe/GaAs
166(9)
Spin Coherence and Magnetic Resonance
175(6)
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance in II-VI Magnetic Semiconductor Quantum Structures
175(2)
All-Optical Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Semiconductors
177(4)
Coherent Manipulation of Spin in Semiconductors
181(2)
Spin Coherence in Hybrid Ferromagnet/Semiconductor Heterostructures
183(7)
Ferromagnetic Imprinting of Nuclear Spins in Semiconductors
184(4)
Spontaneous Electron Spin Coherence in n-GaAs Produced by Ferromagnetic Proximity Polarization
188(2)
Summary and Outlook
190(5)
References
192(3)
Spin Condensates in Semiconductor Microcavities
195(26)
Jeremy J. Baumberg
Introduction
195(1)
Polariton Properties
196(6)
Strongly Coupled Microcavity Dispersion
196(4)
Polariton Dynamics and Pair Scattering
200(2)
Experiments
202(9)
Experimental Geometry
202(1)
Microcavity Sample
203(2)
Parametric Scattering
205(6)
Condensate Dynamics
211(10)
Polariton Interferometry
211(3)
Macroscopic Quantum States
214(2)
Quantum-Correlated Pairs
216(1)
Conclusions
217(1)
References
218(3)
Spins for Quantum Information Processing
221(8)
David P. DiVincenzo
Introduction
221(3)
The Requirements
222(2)
Timeline
224(2)
Final Thoughts
226(3)
References
227(2)
Electron Spins in Quantum Dots as Qubits for Quantum Information Processing
229(48)
Guido Burkard
Daniel Loss
Introduction
229(3)
Quantum Computing
230(1)
Quantum Communication
231(1)
Quantum Dots
231(1)
Requirements for Quantum Computing
232(8)
Coherence
232(1)
Slow Spin Relaxation in GaAs Semiconductor Quantum Dots
233(3)
Scalability
236(1)
Switching
236(2)
Quantum Error Correction
238(1)
Gate Precision
239(1)
Initialization
240(1)
Coupled Quantum Dots as Quantum Gates
240(10)
Lateral Coupling
241(3)
Vertical Coupling
244(1)
Anisotropic Exchange
245(2)
Superexchange
247(1)
Accessing the Exchange Interaction J Between the Spins in Coupled Quantum Dots Via the Kondo Effect
248(2)
Single-Spin Rotations
250(3)
Local Magnetic Coupling
251(1)
Local g-Factor Coupling
251(1)
Quantum Computing with Exchange Interactions Only
251(2)
Read-Out of a Single Spin
253(6)
Spontaneous Magnetization
253(1)
Measuring Spin Via Charge
253(1)
Coupled Dots as Entangler
254(1)
Spin Filter
254(1)
Berry Phase Controlled Spin Filter
255(1)
Detection of Single-Spin Decoherence
256(1)
Rabi Oscillations and Pulsed ESR
257(1)
Spin Read-Out
258(1)
Optical Measurements
259(1)
Quantum Information Processing with Large-Spin Systems
259(1)
Quantum Communication
260(12)
Andreev Entangler
261(3)
Andreev Entangler with Luttinger Liquid Leads
264(1)
Entangled Electrons in a Fermi Sea
265(1)
Noise of Entangled Electrons
266(2)
Double-Dot with Normal Leads
268(1)
Double-Dot with Superconducting Leads
269(1)
Biexcitons in Coupled Quantum Dots as a Source of Entangled Photons and Electrons
270(2)
Conclusions
272(5)
Regulated Single Photons and Entangled Photons From a Quantum Dot Microcavity
277(30)
Yoshihisa Yamamoto
Matthew Pelton
Charles Santori
Glenn S. Solomon
Oliver Benson
Jelena Vuckovic
Axel Scherer
Introduction
277(2)
Single InAs/GaAs Quantum Dots
279(6)
Generation of Single Photons
285(1)
Coupling Single Quantum Dots to Micropost Microcavities
286(7)
Theoretical Analysis of a Micropost DBR Cavity
293(5)
Entangled Photon-Pairs from a Single Quantum Dot
298(5)
Conclusions
303(4)
Index 307

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