Energy is directly related to the most critical economic and social issues which affect sustainable development such as mobility, food production, environmental quality, regional and global security issues. Two-thirds of the new demand will come from developing nations, with China accounting for 30%. Without adequate attention to the critical importance of energy to all these aspects, the global, social, economic and environmental goals of sustainability cannot be achieved. Indeed the magnitude of change needed is immense, fundamental and directly related to the energy produced and consumed nationally and internationally. Today, it is estimated that more than two billion people worldwide lack access to modern energy resources. Distributed Renewable Energies for Off-Grid Communities provides various options and case studies related to the potential of renewable energies along with their environmental, economic and social dimensions. Case studies provide you with solutions to for future decentralized energy supply Expanded coverage over previous work in the field to include coverage of rural and urban communities Provides new solutions for future decentralized energy supply

Preface	p. xi
List of Figures	p. xiii
List of Tables	p. xxxi
Scope of the Book	p. 1
Distributed Energy Generation	p. 1
Distributed Energy Supply	p. 1
Community Power	p. 3
Off-Grid Systems	p. 3
References	p. 6
Restructuring Future Energy Generation and Supply	p. 7
Basic Challenges	p. 7
Current Energy Supplies	p. 8
Peak Oil	p. 9
Availability of Alternative Resources	p. 11
References	p. 13
Road Map of Distributed Renewable Energy Communities	p. 15
Energy and Sustainable Development	p. 15
Community Involvement	p. 16
Facing the Challenges	p. 17
The Concept of FAO, UN Integrated Energy Communities (IEC)	p. 18
Global Approach	p. 19
Basic Elements of Energy Demand	p. 23
Basic and Extended Needs	p. 25
Typical Electricity Demands	p. 26
Single and Multiple-Phase Island Grid	p. 27
Version 1: Single-Phase Island Grid	p. 28
Version 2: Three-Phase Island Grid	p. 28
Version 3: Three-Phase Island Grid and Parallel Operation of the Sunny Island Inverter	p. 28
The System Solution for Island Grids	p. 28
Regional Implementation	p. 32
References	p. 35
Further Reading	p. 35
Planning of Integrated Renewable Communities	p. 37
Scenario 1	p. 37
Scenario 2	p. 38
Case Study I: Implementation of IEF Under Climatic Conditions of Central Europe	p. 40
Specifications	p. 40
Distribution of the Farm Area	p. 41
Farm Production	p. 44
Energy Requirement	p. 44
Case Study II: Arid and Semi-arid Regions	p. 49
Specifications	p. 49
Farm Production	p. 49
Energy Requirement	p. 50
Reference	p. 54
Determination of Community Energy and Food Requirements	p. 55
Modeling Approaches	p. 55
Scenario 1 (Figure 5.1)	p. 55
Scenario 2 (Figure 5.2)	p. 56
Data Acquisition	p. 58
Determination of Energy and Food Requirements	p. 58
Agricultural Activities	p. 58
Households	p. 62
Food Requirement	p. 63
Energy Potential Analysis	p. 65
Solar Energy	p. 65
Exploitation of Solar Energy	p. 67
Solar Thermal System	p. 67
Solar Photovoltaic	p. 69
Data Collection and Processing for Energy Utilization	p. 70
Water and Space Heating	p. 71
Drying of Agricultural Produce	p. 71
Wind Energy	p. 72
Biomass	p. 73
Energetic Use of Biomass	p. 74
Biogas Production	p. 78
References	p. 83
Energy Basics, Resources, Global Contribution and Applications	p. 85
Basics of Energy	p. 85
Energy Rating	p. 85
Energy Consumption	p. 86
Energy Generation	p. 86
Global Contribution	p. 86
Resources and Applications	p. 88
References	p. 89
Solar Energy	p. 91
Photovoltaic	p. 91
Applications	p. 95
Concentrating Solar Thermal Power (CSP)	p. 95
Solar Thermal Collectors	p. 100
Solar Cookers and Solar Ovens	p. 107
References	p. 108
Wind Energy	p. 111
Global Market	p. 113
Types of Wind Turbines	p. 114
Horizontal-axis Wind Turbines	p. 114
Vertical-axis Design	p. 115
Small Wind Turbines	p. 116
Google Superhighway, USA	p. 118
References	p. 122
Biomass and Bioenergy	p. 125
Characteristics and Potentials	p. 125
Solid Biofuels	p. 127
Charcoal	p. 134
Briquettes	p. 136
Pellets	p. 136
Biogas	p. 138
Ethanol	p. 139
Bio-oils	p. 143
Conversion Systems to Heat, Power and Electricity	p. 148
Combined Heat and Power (CHP)	p. 148
Heat	p. 148
Electricity	p. 150
Steam Technology	p. 150
Gasification	p. 152
Biomass Stoves	p. 154
Pyrolysis	p. 155
Methanol	p. 156
Synthetic Oil	p. 157
Fuel Cells	p. 157
The Stirling Engine	p. 159
Algae	p. 159
Algae Bioreactors	p. 759
Hydrogen	p. 152
References	p. 163
Further Reading	p. 164
Hydropower	p. 167
Hydroelectricity	p. 157
Microhydropower Systems	p. 157
System Components	p. 169
Turbine Types	p. 171
Potential for Rural Development	p. 172
References	p. 173
Marine Energy	p. 175
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion	p. 175
Technologies	p. 176
Closed-cycle	p. 175
Open-cycle	p. 177
Hybrid	p. 177
Advantages and Benefits of OTEC Technology	p. 177
Ocean Tidal Power	p. 178
Ocean Wave Power	p. 180
Offshore Systems	p. 182
Onshore Systems	p. 182
Environmental and Economic Challenges	p. 182
References	p. 183
Geothermal Energy	p. 185
Origin of Geothermal Heat	p. 185
Geothermal Electricity	p. 187
Types of Geothermal Power Plants	p. 188
References	p. 191
Energy Storage, Smart Grids and Electric Vehicles	p. 193
Energy Storage	p. 193
Storage Methods	p. 194
Technologies for Up-and Down-Regulation	p. 200
Smart Grids	p. 202
Definition and Importance	p. 202
U.S. Strategy	p. 203
European Strategy	p. 205
Korean Version	p. 207
Electric Vehicles	p. 207
Current Developments	p. 207
Future Developments	p. 210
References	p. 212
Current Distributed Renewable Energy Rural and Urban Communities	p. 215
Rural Community Jühnde	p. 215
The Energy Production Process	p. 215
Wildpoldsried, the 100% Emissions Free Town	p. 217
Roadmap to Renewable Energy in Remote Communities in Australia	p. 218
"Iraq Dream" Homes	p. 222
Danish Distributed Integrated Energy Systems for Communities	p. 224
The Consequences of Fluctuating Power Supply	p. 228
Hot Water Storage	p. 234
Wind Energy and Its Role in Power Production	p. 236
The Wind Energy Development in Denmark	p. 237
The Ownership Model behind Two Decades of Success	p. 240
CHP and Its General Application	p. 241
Cogeneration Technology	p. 245
Renewables in Africa	p. 258
Hydropower	p. 259
Biomass	p. 261
Geothermal	p. 261
Wind Power	p. 262
Solar Power	p. 262
Biofuels	p. 263
Energy Efficiency	p. 264
Renewables in India	p. 264
Distributed Renewable Energy and Solar Oases for Deserts and Arid Regions: DESERTEC Concept	p. 266
Scientific Background of the Concept	p. 267
Solar Oases	p. 276
The Vatican City	p. 278
References	p. 281
Further Reading	p. 282
Ownership, Citizens Participation and Economic Trends	p. 285
Community Ownership	p. 285
The Danish Ownership Model	p. 285
Integration of the Energy Supply by Public Ownership	p. 288
Economic Trends	p. 289
References	p. 292
Glossary	p. 295
Abbreviations and Acronyms	p. 309
Conversion Factors	p. 313
Inventory of PV Systems for Sustainable Rural Development	p. 317
Project "SOLARTECH SUD," Solar Eco-Village Zarzis - Djerba Tunisia	p. 321
Solar Park Vechelde (Kraftfeld Vechelde GmbH & Co. KG)	p. 325
Solar Laundry, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, India	p. 327
Manual and/or Solar Powered Water Treatment System	p. 331
References	p. 333
Index	p. 343
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Distributed Renewable Energies for off-Grid Communities : Strategies and Technologies Towards Achieving Sustainability in Energy Generation and Supply

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