"Just as scientists observe and catalogue the material world, Buddhists for centuries have been observing and cataloging the components of the human psyche. Addressing both the nature of the human mind and how humans know what they know, Buddhist psychology offers a rich and subtle knowledge of the inner experience. Here, Buddhism's unique, time-tested way of viewing the mind is explained so that followers of Tibetan Buddhism can understand their anger and aversion, and develop equanimity, patience and love. "

Geshe Tashi Tsering was born in Tibet in 1958 and received his Geshe Lharampa degree (similar to a doctorate in divinity) from Sera Monastery in India in 1987. Since 1994, he has been the guiding teacher of the Jamyang Buddhist Centre in London, while also teaching at other Buddhist centers worldwide.

Gordon McDougall was director of Cham Tse Ling, the FPMT's Hong Kong center, for two years in the 1980s and worked for Jamyang Buddhist Centre in London from 2000 to 2007. He helped develop the Foundation of Buddhist Thought study program and administered it for seven years. Since 2008 he has been editing Lama Zopa Rinpoche's lamrim teachings for Lama Yeshe Wisdom Archive's FPMT Lineage series.

Lama Thubten Zopa Rinpoche is the Spiritual Director of the Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition (FPMT), a worldwide network of Buddhist centers, monasteries, and affiliated projects, including Wisdom Publications. Rinpoche was born in 1946 in the village of Thami in the Solo Khumbu region of Nepal near Mount Everest. His books include Transforming Problems into Happiness, How to Be Happy, and Ultimate Healing. He lives in Aptos, California.

Foreword by Lama Zopa Rinpoche

ix

Preface

xi

Editor's Preface

xv

1. Mind in Buddhism

1

(20)

AN INNER SCIENCE

1

(3)

THE MIND IN BUDDHIST TEXTS

4

(4)

MONASTIC STUDY OF THE MIND

8

(2)

WHY STUDY THE MIND?

10

(2)

THE NATURE OF MIND

12

(7)

Mind Is Not Body

13

(3)

Mind Is Clear and Knowing

16

(3)

CONCLUSION

19

(2)

2. Main Minds and Mental Factors

21

(22)

MAIN MINDS

21

(8)

The Six Main Minds

24

(3)

The Sensory Main Minds

27

(2)

MENTAL FACTORS

29

(1)

ALWAYS-PRESENT MENTAL FACTORS

30

(7)

Contact

31

(1)

Discernment

31

(1)

Feeling

32

(2)

Intention

34

(2)

Attention

36

(1)

OBJECT-ASCERTAINING MENTAL FACTORS

37

(6)

Aspiration

38

(1)

Appreciation

38

(1)

Recollection

39

(1)

Concentration

40

(1)

Intelligence

41

(2)

3. Mental Afflictions

43

(22)

VARIABLE MENTAL FACTORS

43

(2)

Sleep

43

(1)

Regret

44

(1)

General Examination

45

(1)

Precise Analysis

45

(1)

THE THREE ZONES

45

(5)

THE FIRST ZONE AND THE THREE MAIN MENTAL AFFLICTIONS

50

(4)

Ignorance

51

(2)

Attachment

53

(1)

Aversion

54

(1)

THE SECOND ZONE

54

(4)

THE THIRD ZONE

58

(7)

Looking at Individual Mental Factors

59

(2)

How the Derivative Mental Afflictions Arise

61

(4)

4. Dealing with Negative Emotions

65

(16)

The Cause of Anger

68

(2)

Anger and Logic

70

(2)

Meditating on Anger

72

(1)

Developing Equanimity

73

(1)

Offering the Victory to Others

74

(2)

Developing Patience

76

(3)

Developing Love

79

(2)

5. Wholesome Mental Factors

81

(14)

The Three Fundamental Positive Mental Factors

81

(3)

The Traditional Eleven Positive Mental Factors

84

(2)

The Pyramid of the Three Trainings

86

(2)

POSITIVE MENTAL FACTORS IN THE SECOND ZONE

88

(3)

The Noble Eightfold Path in the Three Zones

88

(2)

Compassion and Self-Confidence

90

(1)

POSITIVE MENTAL FACTORS IN THE THIRD ZONE

91

(4)

Work Toward Long-term Goals

93

(2)

6. Epistemology: Conception and Perception

95

(26)

EPISTEMOLOGY IN BUDDHISM

95

(1)

CONCEPTION

96

(10)

Conceptual Thoughts Engage Through Elimination

98

(1)

Conceptual Thoughts Are Always Mistaken

99

(2)

Conceptual Thoughts Provide Cognitive Content

101

(1)

Implicative and Nonimplicative Negation

102

(1)

How the Mind Generalizes

103

(3)

PERCEPTION

106

(7)

Aspect

107

(3)

Comparing Perceptual and Conceptual Minds

110

(3)

VALID COGNITION

113

(8)

Pramana

113

(2)

The Etymology of Pramana

115

(1)

Nondeceptiveness

115

(1)

Novelty

116

(2)

Inferential Valid Cognitions

118

(3)

7. Moving Toward Knowledge

121

(16)

THE SEVENFOLD DIVISION

121

(12)

Wrong Consciousnesses

121

(5)

Doubting Consciousnesses

126

(1)

Non-Ascertaining Consciousnesses

127

(1)

Correctly Assuming Consciousnesses

128

(1)

Subsequent Cognizers

129

(1)

Inferential Cognizers

129

(1)

Valid Direct Perceivers

130

(3)

DIFFERENCES IN PROCESS BETWEEN WISDOM AND METHOD

133

(4)

Appendix: The Fifty-one Mental Factors

137

(2)

Notes

139

(4)

Glossary

143

(6)

Bibliography

149

(2)

Index

151

(6)

About the Authors

157

(1)

The Foundation of Buddhist Thought

158

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