Capnography: Clinical Aspects

Carbon dioxide in the respired gases gives evidence of life processes and the adequacy of breathing. The amount and concentration of the gas in the breath can be measured and monitored with instruments called capnographs, which are used whenever and wherever the breathing of a patient might be affected by disease or treatment. The book deals not only with the clinical application of these devices but also with the basic physiology of the generation and transport of carbon dioxide in the body. A technical section describes how the instruments work and a unique section tells the history of capnography. Over 40 contributors cover these aspects in the book, which has been edited by three experts in the field.

Contributors

ix

Preface

xiii

Commonly used abbreviations

xv

Introduction

xvii

PART 1 CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES

1

(252)

Clinical perspectives

3

(12)

J.S. Gravenstein

D.A. Paulus

Ventilation: Adequacy of breathing assessment

13

(2)

Capnography and respiratory assessment outside of the operating room

15

(8)

E.B. Lobato

R.R. Kirby

Ventilation: Airway management

21

(2)

Airway management: prehospital setting

23

(10)

B. Carmack

S. Silvestri

G.A. Ralls

J.L. Falk

Capnography: airway management in the intensive care unit setting

33

(6)

P.N. Betadpur

J.D. Truwit

Airway management in the operating room

39

(8)

D.G. Bjoraker

Ventilation: Monitoring

45

(2)

Capnography during anesthesia

47

(12)

J.M. Goldman

J.S. Gravenstein

D.A. Paulus

A. Hamburger

Monitoring during mechanical ventilation

59

(6)

J. Thompson

N. Craig

Capnography in transport

65

(8)

M. A. Frakes

Capnography as a guide to ventilation in the field

73

(8)

D.P. Davis

Time and volumetric capnography in the neonates

81

(20)

G. Schmalisch

Capnography and sleep: technical aspects

101

(6)

T. Schafer

A case for carbon dioxide monitoring in the sleep laboratory

107

(4)

R.J. Thomas

Capnography during sedation

111

(10)

E.A. Bome

E.E. Klein Jr.

Respiration at high- and low-pressure environments

121

(8)

M.S. Ozcan

T.J. Gallagher

Therapeutic use of ambulatory capnography

129

(8)

A.E. Meuret

T. Ritz

B. Dahme

W.T. Roth

Non-invasive end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring in conjunction with non-invasive positive pressure ventilation

137

(8)

L. Greenway

Ventilation: Weaning

143

(2)

End-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring in post-operative ventilator weaning

145

(4)

J. Varon

P.E. Marik

Capnography to optimize and minimize mechanical ventilation

149

(14)

D.S. Hamel

I.M. Cheifetz

Special situations

161

(2)

Capnography and adjuncts of mechanical ventilation

163

(14)

U. Lucangelo

F. Bernabe

A. Gullo

L. Blanch

Circulation: Transport of carbon dioxide and pulmonary blood flow

175

(2)

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

177

(10)

D.C. Cone

J.C. Cahill

M.A. Wayne

Embolism

187

(12)

J.T. Anderson

Pulmonary blood flow monitoring: noninvasive cardiac output

199

(14)

R. Dueck

Partial pressure end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: effects of physiologic dead-space volume

213

(10)

M.J. Banner

The basis for capnometric monitoring in shock

223

(8)

K.R. Ward

Metabolism: Carbon dioxide production

229

(2)

Carbon dioxide production and anesthesia

231

(12)

D. Wilner

C. Weissman

Organ effects

241

(2)

Hypocapnia and hypercapnia: tissue- and organ-specific effects

243

(10)

O. Akca

PART 2 PHYSIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

253

(84)

Physiological perspectives: introduction

255

(2)

M.B. Jaffe

Carbon dioxide pathophysiology

257

(12)

T.E. Morey

Acid-base balance

269

(24)

A. Isenberg

P. Boysen

Ventilation/perfusion abnormalities and capnography

293

(16)

A. Gabrielli

A.J. Layon

Capnographic measures

309

(12)

U. Lucangelo

A. Gullo

F. Bernabe

L. Blanch

Anatomical and physiological basis of volume capnography studied by the single path model

321

(16)

P.W. Scherer

K. Zhao

PART 3 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES

337

(50)

Historical perspectives: introduction

339

(2)

M.B. Jaffe

Brief history of time and volumetric capnography

341

(14)

M.B. Jaffe

The first years of clinical capnography

355

(26)

B. Smalhout

Volumetric capnography: the early days

381

(4)

R. Fletcher

Excerpts from an interview with Max Liston

385

(2)

D.C. Brock

G.E. Gallwas

PART 4 TECHNOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

387

(40)

Technological perspectives: introduction

389

(2)

M.B. Jaffe

Technical specifications and standards

391

(8)

D.E. Supkis

Carbon dioxide measurement

399

(14)

M.B. Jaffe

Flow measurement

413

(10)

M.B. Jaffe

Combining flow and carbon dioxide

423

(4)

M.B. Jaffe

J. Orr

Appendix: Patterns of time-based capnograms

427

(6)

Index

433

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