Name: Conflict and Consensus in American Politics, Election Update
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The Politics of American Democracy: An Introduction	p. xviii
Conflict and Consensus in American Politics: An Introductory Discussion	p. 2
Introduction: President Lawrence Summers Speaks His Mind	p. 3
American Political Beliefs	p. 4
Basic Values and Beliefs	p. 6
Consensus, Conflict, and Apathy	p. 10
The Theory of American Democracy	p. 12
The Role of Politics	p. 12
The Relationship Between the People and Their Government	p. 14
Components of Democratic Government	p. 17
Public Inputs	p. 18
The Mechanism of Government	p. 20
Outputs: Public Policy	p. 23
Politics in Action: Illegal Immigration and American Democracy	p. 26
Summary	p. 28
Key Terms	p. 29
Discussion Questions	p. 29
Topics for Debate	p. 29
Where on the Web?	p. 30
Selected Readings	p. 30
Notes	p. 30
The Constitution: A Framework for Conflict Resolution	p. 32
Introduction: The Controversy over Same-Sex Marriages	p. 33
The Founders' Constitution	p. 36
The Revolutionary Background	p. 36
The Articles of Confederation	p. 39
The Constitutional Convention	p. 39
Basic Compromises	p. 40
Ratification	p. 42
The Constitution: Democratic or Reactionary?	p. 44
Enduring Ideas and Essential Tensions: Consensus and Conflict	p. 46
Popular Sovereignty	p. 46
Limited Government	p. 47
Individual Rights	p. 48
Separation of Powers	p. 49
Federalism	p. 50
Judicial Review	p. 51
The Living Constitution	p. 53
Amending the Constitution	p. 54
Interpreting the Constitution	p. 56
Politics in Action: Government and the Ten Commandments	p. 60
Summary	p. 62
Key Terms	p. 63
Discussion Questions	p. 63
Topics for Debate	p. 63
Where on the Web?	p. 63
Selected Readings	p. 64
Notes	p. 64
Federalism in Theory and in Practice	p. 66
Introduction: Federalism: Consensus in Theory, Controversy in Practice	p. 67
Federalism as a Political Issue	p. 70
The Changing (Nature of American Federalism	p. 71
National Supremacy Versus State Rights, 1787-1865	p. 71
Redefining State and National Roles, 1865-1933	p. 73
Expansion of the Federal Government, 1933-1968	p. 74
From Grants-in-Aid to Mandates and Regulations, 1968-1994	p. 76
Devolution Federalism, 1994-?	p. 77
Federal-State-Local Relations: Power and Politics	p. 82
National Regulation of States and Localities	p. 82
Grants-in-Aid	p. 84
State and Local Influences on National Policymaking	p. 92
Grantsmanship	p. 93
The Intergovernmental Lobby	p. 94
Federalism in Action: Setting National Standards for Alcohol Consumption	p. 96
Politics In Action: National Versus State Rights: Who's in Charge?	p. 99
Summary	p. 101
Key Terms	p. 103
Discussion Questions	p. 103
Topics for Debate	p. 103
Where on the Web?	p. 104
Selected Readings	p. 104
Notes	p. 104
Issues of Freedom, Equity, and Justice	p. 108
Introduction: Flag Burning and Free Speech	p. 109
Freedom of Speech	p. 111
Protected Speech	p. 112
Unprotected Speech	p. 114
Symbolic Expression and Conduct	p. 117
Religion and the Constitution	p. 119
Establishment of Religion	p. 119
Separation of Church and State	p. 119
Accommodating Church and State	p. 120
The Exercise of Religion	p. 121
The Quest for Equality	p. 124
The Extension of Voting Rights	p. 124
Redistricting and Equal Representation	p. 125
Ending Racial Discrimination	p. 126
The Brown Decision	p. 126
The Civil Rights Act of 1964	p. 128
School Integration	p. 128
Nonracial Discrimination	p. 130
Minimal Versus Strict Scrutiny	p. 130
The Exacting Scrutiny Test	p. 130
Affirmative Action	p. 131
Justice for All	p. 134
Due Process of Law	p. 134
Unreasonable Searches and Seizures	p. 136
Government Interrogations	p. 137
Grants of Immunity	p. 138
Plea Bargaining	p. 138
Limits on Police	p. 138
The Miranda Warnings	p. 139
Right to Counsel	p. 139
Other Protections	p. 140
The Supreme Court's 2005-2006 Term: Major Decisions	p. 142
Politics in Action: Should the Death Penalty Be Abolished?	p. 145
Summary	p. 148
Key Terms	p. 149
Key Constitutional Law Cases	p. 150
Discussion Questions	p. 151
Topics for Debate	p. 151
Where on the Web?	p. 151
Selected Readings	p. 152
Notes	p. 152
Political Socialization, Public Opinion, and Participation	p. 156
Introduction: Social Security: The Public Takes a Stand	p. 157
The Development of Political Orientations and Attitudes	p. 161
Genetic Predispositions	p. 161
The Socialization Process	p. 162
Agents of Political Socialization	p. 167
Political Belief Systems	p. 171
Liberalism and Conservatism	p. 171
Beliefs About Democratic Government	p. 174
Public Opinion and Democratic Governance	p. 179
Determining Public Opinion	p. 183
The Hazards of Polling	p. 185
Public Knowledge	p. 186
Public Opinion and Political Participation	p. 188
Politics in Action: Public Opinion and Operation Iraqi Freedom	p. 192
Summary	p. 194
Key Terms	p. 196
Discussion Questions	p. 196
Topics for Debate	p. 196
Where on the Web?	p. 197
Selected Readings	p. 197
Notes	p. 198
Political Interest Groups	p. 202
Introduction: Lobbying for Firearms: The Power of the NRA	p. 203
Individuals, Groups, and Society	p. 206
The Origins and Evolution of Political Interest Groups	p. 207
Theories of Group Formation	p. 207
The Proliferation of Group Activities	p. 208
Sources of Group influence	p. 210
Electoral Activity	p. 213
Lobbying	p. 217
Types of Lobbying	p. 218
Targets of Lobbying	p. 220
Changes in Lobbying and Lobbyists	p. 224
Regulation of Lobbying	p. 226
Consequences of the Group Struggle	p. 228
Politics in Action: The Struggle Between the Forces of Energy and the Environment	p. 230
Summary	p. 232
Key Terms	p. 233
Discussion Questions	p. 233
Topics for Debate	p. 233
Where on the Web?	p. 233
Selected Readings	p. 234
Notes	p. 234
Political Parties	p. 236
Introduction: The Politicalization of the Christian Coalition	p. 237
The Nature of American Political Parties	p. 239
The Major Parties	p. 240
Minor Parties	p. 241
A Brief History of the Two-Party System	p. 244
The Development of National Parties, 1789-1824	p. 245
The Regionalization of Parties, 1828-1852	p. 246
The Civil War and Its Aftermath, 1856-1892	p. 247
The Republican Era, 1896-1928	p. 247
The Roosevelt Realignment, 1932-1968	p. 250
The Composition of the Major Parties Today	p. 250
Party Organization	p. 254
The National Level	p. 254
The State Level	p. 257
The Local Level	p. 258
Parties and Elections	p. 260
Primary Elections	p. 260
Modern Campaigns	p. 261
Parties and Governance	p. 262
Determining the Party's Positions	p. 262
Converting Positions into Public Policy	p. 263
Partisan Influence on the Legislature	p. 264
Partisan Influence on the Executive and the Judiciary	p. 265
Politics in Action: Reforming the Nomination Process: The Democrats Try Again	p. 268
Summary	p. 270
Key Terms	p. 271
Discussion Questions	p. 271
Topics for Debate	p. 272
Where on the Web?	p. 272
Selected Readings	p. 273
Notes	p. 273
Campaigns and Elections	p. 276
Introduction: Campaigns, Collusion, and Conscience: The Cases of Tom Delay and Joe Lieberman	p. 277
Issues of Democratic Elections	p. 280
Suffrage: Who Should Be Able to Vote?	p. 280
How Should Elections Be Structured and Conducted?	p. 281
Should Citizens Be Able to Spend as Much, They Desire in Politics, Campaigns?	p. 283
The American Voter	p. 287
Who Votes and Why?	p. 288
Why Do People Vote in Certain Identifiable Ways?	p. 290
Models of Decision Making	p. 291
The Campaign for Office	p. 292
The Presidential Nomination Process	p. 292
The Presidential Election	p. 297
Nonpresidential Nominations and Elections	p. 298
Direct Democracy: Initiatives and Referenda	p. 306
Assessing the Meaning of Elections	p. 307
Contemporary Presidential Elections	p. 307
The 2006 Midterm Elections	p. 309
Congressional Elections	p. 312
Elections and Governance	p. 313
Politics in Action: Bush v. Gore-The Issues and Who Really Won	p. 315
Summary	p. 317
Key Terms	p. 319
Discussion Questions	p. 319
Topics for Debate	p. 319
Where on the Web?	p. 319
Selected Readings	p. 320
Notes	p. 320
Media and Politics	p. 324
Introduction: News Coverage of the War in Iraq	p. 325
The Role of the News Media	p. 327
Democracy and a Free Press	p. 328
Capitalism and a Fair Press	p. 331
A Brief History of the News Media in America	p. 333
Print Media: Newspapers	p. 333
Electronic Media	p. 334
Politics and the News Media	p. 344
The News Slant	p. 344
Manipulation of the News	p. 348
The Effect of the Media on Electoral Politics	p. 350
Government and the News Media	p. 352
Coverage of the President	p. 353
Coverage of Congress	p. 354
Coverage of the Judiciary	p. 355
The Effect of the News Media on People and Their Government	p. 356
Politics in Action: Private Behavior and the Public Interest	p. 359
Summary	p. 362
Key Terms	p. 363
Discussion Questions	p. 363
Topics for Debate	p. 363
Where on the Web?	p. 364
Selected Readings	p. 364
Notes	p. 364
Congress	p. 368
Introduction: President Bush Proposes a Faith-Based Initiative to a Republican Congress	p. 369
The Institution of Congress	p. 371
The Members of Congress	p. 372
The Work Environment	p. 372
The Organization of Congress	p. 376
Congressional Parties	p. 377
Party Politics in Congress	p. 379
The Committee System	p. 381
The Functions of Congress	p. 384
Legislation	p. 384
Representation	p. 392
Administrative Oversight	p. 395
Congressional Reform and Its Effect on American Democracy	p. 402
Politics in Action: The Case of the Killed Crusader	p. 404
Summary	p. 407
Key Terms	p. 408
Discussion Questions	p. 408
Topics for Debate	p. 409
Where on the Web?	p. 409
Selected Readings	p. 409
Notes	p. 410
The Presidency	p. 412
Introduction: Gaining Power from Congress: The President's "Fast-track" Authority	p. 413
The Powers of the Presidency	p. 415
Constitutional Authority	p. 416
The Evolution of Presidential Authority	p. 416
Political Power	p. 424
Going Public	p. 425
The Institutional Presidency	p. 429
The Executive Office of the President	p. 430
Significant Others	p. 436
The Personal Dimension	p. 441
Physical Health	p. 441
Character	p. 442
Managerial Style	p. 443
Cognition	p. 443
Presidential Policymaking	p. 445
Setting the Agenda	p. 445
Getting It Enacted into Legislation	p. 446
Implementing Policy in the Executive Branch	p. 446
Politics in Action: Presidential Decision Making in Iraq: Which Bush Was Right?	p. 448
Summary	p. 452
Key Terms	p. 453
Discussion Questions	p. 453
Topics for Debate	p. 454
Where on the Web?	p. 454
Selected Readings	p. 455
Notes	p. 455
The Federal Bureaucracy	p. 458
Introduction: Harvey Pitt and the Security and Exchange Commission	p. 459
The Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy	p. 461
Types of Organizational Structures	p. 461
Staffing the Bureaucracy	p. 467
The Executive Bureaucracy in Perspective	p. 469
Functions of the Executive Bureaucracy	p. 471
Implementation	p. 472
Policymaking	p. 475
Determinants of Bureaucratic Influence	p. 478
Problems of Performance and Accountability	p. 483
Legal Controls	p. 484
Legislative Checks	p. 484
Press Scrutiny	p. 486
Popular Participation	p. 486
Reform	p. 487
The Adequacy of Controls	p. 488
Politics in Action: Why Is Smokey the Bear Crying?	p. 489
Summary	p. 492
Key Terms	p. 494
Discussion Questions	p. 494
Topics for Debate	p. 494
Where on the Web?	p. 495
Selected Readings	p. 495
Notes	p. 495
The Judiciary	p. 496
Introduction: The Supreme Court Decides and Divides: Should Cross Burning Be Allowed?	p. 497
Judicial Federalism	p. 499
Federal Courts	p. 499
District Courts	p. 501
Appellate Courts	p. 501
State Courts	p. 501
The Power of Judicial Review	p. 504
Political Questions	p. 506
Judicial Review and Political Influence	p. 507
Judicial Activism Versus Self-Restraint	p. 508
How Judges Are Chosen	p. 510
Appointment of Supreme Court Justices	p. 512
Packing the Court	p. 512
The Supreme Court	p. 515
The Court's Caseload	p. 515
Deciding What to Decide	p. 516
Hearing and Discussing Cases	p. 517
Writing Opinions	p. 517
The Politics of Judicial Policymaking	p. 520
Politics in Action: The Case of the Unconfirmed Judge	p. 524
Summary	p. 527
Key Terms	p. 528
Discussion Questions	p. 528
Topics for Debate	p. 529
Where on the Web?	p. 529
Selected Readings	p. 529
Notes	p. 530
Domestic Policy	p. 532
Introduction: Making Public Policy: The Case of Prescription Drugs	p. 533
Types of Policy	p. 535
Impact-Based Classification	p. 536
Stages of Policy Development	p. 537
Problem Recognition	p. 537
Policy Formulation and Adoption: Iron Triangles and Issue Networks	p. 538
Policy Implementation	p. 540
Policy Evaluation	p. 541
Policy Reconsideration or Termination	p. 542
Politics and the Policy Process	p. 542
Incrementalism	p. 542
Major Policy Shifts	p. 543
Mixed Results	p. 544
Education Policy	p. 547
Education in America: An Overview	p. 547
Education Policy in the 1980s and 1990s	p. 548
Education Policy in the Twenty-First Century	p. 550
Health and Social Welfare Policy	p. 551
Social Welfare Programs: An Overview	p. 553
Social Insurance	p. 554
Unemployment Insurance	p. 556
Public Assistance	p. 557
The Politics of Social Welfare	p. 558
Housing Policy	p. 561
Housing Policy in the 1980s and 1990s	p. 562
Housing in the Twenty-First Century	p. 563
Environmental and Energy Policy	p. 564
Clean Water	p. 566
Clean Air	p. 567
Energy Policy	p. 568
Politics in Action: Where Do We Put Nuclear Waste?	p. 573
Summary	p. 574
Key Terms	p. 575
Discussion Questions	p. 575
Topics for Debate	p. 576
Where on the Web?	p. 576
Selected Readings	p. 576
Notes	p. 577
International and National Security Policy	p. 578
Introduction: Nuclear Proliferation and U.S. Foreign Policy	p. 579
Foreign and Defense Policymaking	p. 581
The Conflict-Consensus Quandary in National Security Policy	p. 581
Foreign and National Security Policymakers	p. 582
Personal Diplomacy and Summit Meetings	p. 589
Treaties and Executive Agreements	p. 591
Participation in International Organizations	p. 592
Intelligence, Spying, and Covert Operations	p. 593
Armed Forces and National Security	p. 594
The Evolution of National Security Policy	p. 598
The Cold War	p. 599
Nuclear Deterrence	p. 600
Foreign Economic and Military Aid	p. 601
Alliances	p. 602
Military Force	p. 602
Postcommunism and the Era of Uncertainty	p. 603
The Fading of Communism	p. 604
The Fracturing of Nation-States	p. 604
Economic Interdependence	p. 605
Terrorism and the New Demands of National Security Policy	p. 608
Politics in Action: To Intervene or Not: The Cases of Bosnia and Rwanda	p. 610
Summary	p. 611
Key Terms	p. 613
Discussion Questions	p. 613
Topics for Debate	p. 613
Where on the Web?	p. 613
Selected Readings	p. 614
Notes	p. 614
The Declaration of Independence	p. 616
The Constitution of the United States of America	p. 618
From The Federalist Nos. 10 and 51	p. 629
Presidential Elections	p. 634
Party Control of Congress, 1901-2006	p. 642
United States Supreme Court Justices, 1789-2006	p. 644
Glossary	p. 647
Index	p. 661
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Conflict and Consensus in American Politics, Election Update

9780495104438

0495104434

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