Exploring Rf Circuits

Introduction to Radio Frequencies	p. 1
Units and Physical Constants	p. 5
Wavelength and Frequency	p. 6
Microwave Letter Band Designations	p. 7
Skin Effect	p. 8
The Rest of This Book	p. 9
Rf Components and Construction	p. 11
Impedance Matching in Rf Circuits	p. 12
Wiring Boards	p. 13
Chassis and Cabinets	p. 13
Coaxial Cable Transmission Line ("Coax")	p. 14
Test Equipment and Workshop for Rf Projects	p. 17
Multimeters	p. 18
Older Instruments	p. 20
Signal Generators	p. 21
Oscilloscopes	p. 22
Dc Power Supplies	p. 22
Signal Tracers	p. 23
Rf Signal Generators	p. 23
Other Rf Bench Facilities	p. 24
Dummy Loads	p. 25
Forms of Dummy Load	p. 25
Providing an Output Level Indicator	p. 28
Measuring Rf Power	p. 28
Capacitance and Capacitors for Rf Circuits	p. 33
Units of Capacitance	p. 33
Experiment	p. 35
Breakdown Voltage	p. 36
Circuit Symbols for Capacitors	p. 37
Fixed Capacitors	p. 37
Paper Dielectric Capacitors	p. 38
Mylar Dielectric Capacitors	p. 39
Ceramic Dielectric Capacitors	p. 39
Mica Dielectric Capacitors	p. 40
Other Capacitors	p. 40
Capacitors in a Circuit	p. 41
Voltage and Current in Capacitor Circuits	p. 43
Eli the Ice Man	p. 43
Variable Capacitors	p. 44
Air Variable Main Tuning Capacitors	p. 47
Straight Line Capacitance Vs.	p. 49
Straight Line Frequency Capacitors	p. 49
Special Variable Capacitors	p. 50
Split Stator Capacitors	p. 50
Differential Capacitors	p. 50
"Transmitting" Variable Capacitors	p. 51
Variable Capacitor Cleaning Note	p. 52
Using and Stabilizing Varactor Diode	p. 53
Varactor Tuning Circuits	p. 55
Temperature Compensation	p. 57
Varactor Tuning Voltage Sources	p. 59
Varactor Applications	p. 59
Inductors, Inductance and Transformers	p. 61
Inductor Circuit Symbols	p. 61
Inductance and Inductors	p. 62
Inductance of a Single Straight Wire	p. 64
Ombining Two or More Inductors	p. 65
Inductors in Ac Circuits	p. 67
Air Core Inductors	p. 69
Solenoid Wound Air-Core Inductors	p. 70
Adjustable Coils	p. 71
Winding Your Own Coils	p. 72
Amidon Associates Coil System	p. 73
Using Ferrite and Powdered Iron Toroids and Binocular Cores	p. 75
Materials Used in Cores	p. 76
Powdered Iron	p. 76
Ferrite Materials	p. 77
Making the Calculations	p. 77
Toroid Cores	p. 79
Winding and Mounting Toroids	p. 81
Inductors and Transformers	p. 81
Broadband Rf Transformers	p. 82
Winding Toroid Cores	p. 84
Counting Turns	p. 84
Winding Style	p. 85
Stabilizing the Windings	p. 87
Mounting Toroids	p. 87
Mounting Multiple Coils	p. 88
Special Mounting Methods	p. 89
High-Power Transformers	p. 90
Binoculars, Rods, Bobbins and Beads	p. 91
Binocular Cores	p. 91
Turns Counting on Binocular Cores	p. 92
Winding Styles on Binocular Cores	p. 92
Winding a Binocular Core	p. 93
Ferrite Rods	p. 94
Bobbing Along With a Bobbin	p. 95
Ferrite Beads	p. 96
Mounting Ferrite Beads	p. 97
Inductor-Capacitor (L-C) Resonant Tank Circuits	p. 99
Series Resonant Circuits	p. 100
Parallel Resonant Circuits	p. 102
Construction of Rf/If Transformers	p. 104
Problems With if and Rf Transformers	p. 107
Choosing Component Values for L-C Resonant Tank Circuits	p. 109
The Tracking Problem	p. 110
The Rf Amplifier/Antenna Tuner Problem	p. 111
Example	p. 112
The Local Oscillator (LO) Problem	p. 114
Trimmer Capacitor Method	p. 114
Radio Receivers	p. 117
Origins	p. 117
Crystal Video Receivers	p. 118
Tuned Radio Frequency (Trf) Receivers	p. 118
Superheterodyne Receivers	p. 119
Heterodyning	p. 121
Front-End Circuits	p. 122
Intermediate Frequency (If) Amplifier	p. 123
Detector	p. 123
Audio Amplifiers	p. 123
Units of Measure	p. 123
Input Signal Voltage	p. 123
Dbm	p. 124
Dbmv	p. 125
Db[mu]v	p. 125
Noise	p. 125
Signal-To-Noise Ratio (Snr or Sn)	p. 127
Noise Factor, Noise Figure and Noise Temperature	p. 128
Noise Factor (Fn)	p. 128
Noise Figure (Nf)	p. 129
Noise Temperature (Te)	p. 129
Noise in Cascade Amplifiers	p. 130
Receiver Noise Floor	p. 131
Static Measures of Receiver Performance	p. 131
Sensitivity	p. 132
Selectivity	p. 135
Front-End Bandwidth	p. 136
Image Rejection	p. 137
1st if Rejection	p. 138
If Bandwidth	p. 139
If Passband Shape Factor	p. 139
Distant Frequency ("Ultimate") Rejection	p. 140
Stability	p. 140
Agc Range and Threshold	p. 141
Dynamic Performance	p. 141
Intermodulation Products	p. 142
-1 Db Compression Point	p. 144
Third-Order Intercept Point	p. 145
Dynamic Range	p. 147
Blocking	p. 148
Cross Modulation	p. 149
Reciprocal Mixing	p. 150
If Notch Rejection	p. 151
Internal Spurll	p. 152
Receiver Improvement Strategies	p. 152
Rf Mixer and Frequency Converter Circuits	p. 155
Diplexer Circuits	p. 156
Types of Mixer	p. 158
Single-Ended Mixers	p. 158
Singly Balanced Mixers	p. 160
Double Balanced Mixers (Dbm)	p. 162
Jfet and Mosfet Doubly Balanced Mixer Circuits	p. 163
Doubly Balanced Diode Mixer Circuits	p. 166
Bipolar Transconductance Cell Dbms	p. 170
Pre-Amplifiers and Post-Amplifiers	p. 174
Notes and References	p. 175
Hf/Vhf/Uhf Low-Noise Preamplifiers	p. 177
Noise and Preselectors/Preamplifiers	p. 179
Jfet Preselector	p. 179
Vhf Receiver Preselector	p. 183
Mosfet Preselector	p. 183
Voltage Tuned Receiver Preselector	p. 184
Broadband Rf Preamplifier for Vlf, Lf and Am BCB	p. 185
Push-Pull Rf Amplifiers	p. 187
The Push-Pull Rf Amplifier	p. 188
Actual Circuit Details	p. 189
Variations on the Theme	p. 193
Broadband Rf Amplifier (50-Ohm Input and Output)	p. 194
Broadband or Tuned Rf/If Amplifier Using the Mc-1350P	p. 195
Vlf Preamplifier	p. 197
Using the NE-602 Chip	p. 199
Frequency Conversion	p. 202
Dc Power Supply Connections on the NE-602	p. 203
NE-602 Input Circuits	p. 205
NE-602 Local Oscillator Circuits	p. 212
Voltage Tuned NE-602 Oscillator Circuits	p. 215
Shortwave Receiver Project	p. 216
Conclusion	p. 217
Direct Conversion Radio Receivers	p. 219
Basic Theory of Operation	p. 219
Problems Associated With Dcr Designs	p. 222
Hum	p. 223
Microphonics	p. 225
Dynamic Range Problems	p. 225
Am Breakthrough	p. 227
Low-Audio Output	p. 229
Mixer Circuits in Direct Conversion Receivers	p. 230
Considerations for Dcr Good Designs	p. 232
Some Practical Design Approaches	p. 232
Audio Circuits	p. 240
Local Oscillator Circuits for Direct Conversion Receivers	p. 241
Notes and References	p. 242
Radio Signal Generator Circuits	p. 245
Feedback Oscillators	p. 245
General Types of Rf Oscillator Circuits	p. 247
Variable Frequency Oscillators	p. 249
Crystal Oscillators	p. 251
Rf Grounding	p. 257
Schematic Symbols	p. 257
Different Grounds	p. 258
Safety Grounds	p. 260
Lightning Protection Grounds	p. 261
Rf Signal Grounds	p. 261
Grounding Systems	p. 261
Ground Rods	p. 263
Ground Designs	p. 263
Soil Resistivity	p. 264
Ground Rod Resistance	p. 265
Contact Resistance	p. 265
Multiple Ground Rod Systems	p. 265
Other Ground Electrodes	p. 266
Metal Plates	p. 268
Horizontal Conductors	p. 268
Electrolytic Grounding Systems	p. 269
Installing Ground Rods	p. 270
Better Ways	p. 271
Tower Grounding	p. 273
Vertical Antenna Counterpoise Grounds ("Radials")	p. 273
Conclusion	p. 276
Rf Bridges (Including the Noise Bridge)	p. 277
Maxwell Bridge	p. 278
Hay Bridge	p. 279
Schering Bridge	p. 280
Building and Using the Rf Noise Bridge	p. 281
Adjusting Antennas	p. 282
Finding Impedance	p. 283
Resonant Frequency	p. 284
Non-Resonant Antenna Adjustment	p. 284
Other Rf Jobs for the Noise Bridge	p. 285
Transmission Line Length	p. 285
Transmission Line Velocity Factor	p. 286
Tuned Circuit Measurements	p. 286
Series Tuned Circuits	p. 286
Parallel Resonant Tuned Circuits	p. 287
Capacitance and Inductance Measurements	p. 287
Inductance	p. 287
Capacitance	p. 288
Radio Transmission Lines	p. 289
Transmission Line Characteristic Impedance (ZO)	p. 294
Velocity Factor	p. 297
Transmission Line Noise	p. 298
Coaxial Cable Capacitance	p. 299
Coaxial Cable Cut-Off Frequency (FC)	p. 299
Transmission Line Responses	p. 300
Step-Function Response of A Transmission Line	p. 300
Reflection Coefficient (G)	p. 304
Standing Wave Ratio	p. 307
Mismatch (Vswr) Losses	p. 312
Pin Diodes and Their Uses	p. 315
Pin Diode Switch Circuits	p. 317
Pin Diode Applications	p. 320
Conclusion	p. 324
Microwave Integrated Circuits	p. 325
Internal Circuitry	p. 327
Basic Circuit	p. 328
Example 18-1	p. 329
Other Mar-X Circuits	p. 330
Multiple Device Circuits	p. 335
A Universal, Fixed-Gain Preamplifier	p. 338
Mastmounted Wideband Preamplifier	p. 340
Broadband Hf Amplifier	p. 341
Conclusion	p. 342
Dealing With Interference Sources	p. 345
The Problem	p. 344
Blanketing	p. 345
Desensitization	p. 347
The Attenuator Solution	p. 349
The Antenna Solution	p. 349
The Filter Solution	p. 349
Wave Traps	p. 350
High-Pass Filters	p. 351
Absorptive Filters	p. 351
Shielding	p. 354
Expected Results	p. 354
And for Ham Operators...	p. 354
Build an Rf Sniffer for Locating Radio Noise Problems	p. 355
Bag of Tricks	p. 356
Rf Sleuthing Tools	p. 357
Rf Detectors	p. 361
Conclusion	p. 362
Appendix	p. 363
Index	p. 367
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

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Exploring Rf Circuits

9780790611976

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Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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