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Preface to the Second Edition | p. xv |
Preface to the First Edition | p. xvii |
Author | p. xix |
Acknowledgments | p. xxi |
Introduction to the Finite Element Method | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Overview of the Finite Element Method | p. 2 |
Mesh Development | p. 3 |
Mathematical Foundations: Vectors and Matrices | p. 5 |
Introduction | p. 5 |
Range and Summation Convention | p. 5 |
Substitution Operator | p. 5 |
Vectors | p. 6 |
Notation: Scalar and Vector Products | p. 6 |
Gradient, Divergence, and Curl in Rectilinear Coordinates | p. 8 |
Matrices | p. 15 |
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors | p. 21 |
Coordinate Transformations | p. 22 |
Transformations of Vectors | p. 24 |
Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates | p. 25 |
Gradient Operator in Orthogonal Coordinates | p. 30 |
Divergence and Curl of Vectors in Orthogonal Coordinates | p. 31 |
Appendix I: Divergence and Curl of Vectors in Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates | p. 32 |
Mathematical Foundations: Tensors | p. 37 |
Tensors | p. 37 |
Divergence of a Tensor | p. 39 |
Invariants | p. 40 |
Positive Definiteness | p. 40 |
Polar Decomposition Theorem | p. 41 |
Kronecker Products of Tensors | p. 42 |
VEC Operator and the Kronecker Product | p. 42 |
Fundamental Relations for Kronecker Products | p. 43 |
Eigenstructures of Kronecker Products | p. 45 |
Kronecker Form of Quadratic Products | p. 46 |
Kronecker Product Operators for Fourth-Order Tensors | p. 46 |
Transformation Properties of VEC, TEN22, TEN21, and TEN12 | p. 46 |
Kronecker Expressions for Symmetry Classes in Fourth-Order Tensors | p. 47 |
Differentials of Tensor Invariants | p. 49 |
Examples | p. 49 |
Introduction to Variational Methods | p. 59 |
Introductory Notions | p. 59 |
Properties of the Variational Operator [delta] | p. 60 |
Example: Variational Equation for a Cantilevered Elastic Rod | p. 60 |
Higher Order Variations | p. 62 |
Examples | p. 63 |
Fundamental Notions of Linear Solid Mechanics | p. 75 |
Displacement Vector | p. 75 |
Linear Strain and Rotation Tensors | p. 76 |
Examples of Linear Strain and Rotation Tensors | p. 78 |
Traction and Stress | p. 81 |
Equilibrium | p. 86 |
Stress and Strain Transformations | p. 90 |
Principal Stresses and Strains | p. 97 |
Stress-Strain Relations | p. 100 |
Principle of Virtual Work in Linear Elasticity | p. 104 |
Thermal and Thermomechanical Response | p. 109 |
Balance of Energy and Production of Entropy | p. 109 |
Balance of Energy | p. 109 |
Entropy Production Inequality | p. 110 |
Thermodynamic Potentials in Reversible Processes | p. 111 |
Classical Coupled Linear Thermoelasticity | p. 112 |
Thermal and Thermomechanical Analogs of the Principle of Virtual Work and Associated Finite Element Equations | p. 120 |
Conductive Heat Transfer | p. 120 |
Coupled Linear Isotropic Thermoelasticity | p. 121 |
One-Dimensional Elastic Elements | p. 127 |
Interpolation Models for One-Dimensional Elements | p. 127 |
Rods | p. 127 |
Beams | p. 128 |
Beam-Columns | p. 129 |
Strain-Displacement Relations in One-Dimensional Elements | p. 129 |
Stress-Strain Relations in One-Dimensional Elements | p. 130 |
General | p. 130 |
One-Dimensional Members | p. 130 |
Element Stiffness and Mass Matrices from the Principle of Virtual Work | p. 130 |
Single-Element Model for Dynamic Response of a Built-in Beam | p. 133 |
Integral Evaluation by Gaussian Quadrature: Natural Coordinates | p. 137 |
Unconstrained Rod Elements | p. 141 |
Unconstrained Elements for Beams and Beam-Columns | p. 144 |
Assemblage and Imposition of Constraints | p. 145 |
Rods | p. 145 |
Beams | p. 154 |
Damping in Rods and Beams | p. 155 |
General Discussion of Assemblage | p. 156 |
General Discussion on the Imposition of Constraints | p. 158 |
Inverse Variational Method | p. 159 |
Two- and Three-Dimensional Elements in Linear Elasticity and Linear Conductive Heat Transfer | p. 163 |
Interpolation Models in Two Dimensions | p. 163 |
Membrane Plate | p. 163 |
Plate with Bending Stresses Only | p. 163 |
Plate with Stretching and Bending | p. 165 |
Temperature Field in Two Dimensions | p. 165 |
Axisymmetric Elements | p. 166 |
Interpolation Models in Three Dimensions | p. 167 |
Strain-Displacement Relations and Thermal Analogs | p. 168 |
Strain-Displacement Relations: Two Dimensions | p. 168 |
Axisymmetric Element | p. 169 |
Thermal Analog for Two-Dimensional and Axisymmetric Elements | p. 170 |
Three-Dimensional Elements | p. 170 |
Thermal Analog in Three Dimensions | p. 171 |
Stress-Strain Relations | p. 171 |
Two-Dimensional Elements | p. 171 |
Membrane Response | p. 171 |
Two-Dimensional Members: Bending Response of Thin Plates | p. 172 |
Element for Plate with Membrane and Bending Response | p. 173 |
Axisymmetric Element | p. 173 |
Three-Dimensional Element | p. 173 |
Elements for Conductive Heat Transfer | p. 174 |
Stiffness and Mass Matrices and Their Thermal Analogs | p. 175 |
Thermal Counterpart of the Principle of Virtual Work | p. 176 |
Conversion to Natural Coordinates in Two and Three Dimensions | p. 177 |
Assembly of Two- and Three-Dimensional Elements | p. 183 |
Solution Methods for Linear Problems: I | p. 187 |
Numerical Methods in FEA | p. 187 |
Solving the Finite Element Equations: Static Problems | p. 187 |
Matrix Triangularization and Solution of Linear Systems | p. 188 |
Triangularization of Asymmetric Matrices | p. 193 |
Time Integration: Stability and Accuracy | p. 194 |
Properties of the Trapezoidal Rule | p. 196 |
Integral Evaluation by Gaussian Quadrature | p. 200 |
Modal Analysis by FEA | p. 202 |
Modal Decomposition | p. 202 |
Comments on Eigenstructure Computation in Large Finite Element Systems | p. 214 |
Solution Methods for Linear Problems: II | p. 217 |
Introduction | p. 217 |
Solution Method for an Inverse Problem | p. 217 |
Inverse Problem in Elasticity | p. 217 |
Existence of a Unique Solution | p. 218 |
Nonsingularity Test | p. 221 |
Accelerated Eigenstructure Computation in FEA | p. 224 |
Introduction | p. 224 |
Problem Statement | p. 224 |
Hypersphere Path of Steepest Descent | p. 225 |
Hypercircle Search | p. 226 |
Eigenvalue Replacement Procedure | p. 228 |
Example: Minimum Eigenvalue of the 3 x 3 Hilbert Matrix | p. 230 |
Fourth-Order Time Integration | p. 231 |
Introduction | p. 231 |
Error Growth in the Newmark Method | p. 232 |
Undamped Free Vibration | p. 232 |
Adams-Moulton Formula | p. 233 |
Stepwise and Cumulative Error in the Adams-Moulton Method | p. 234 |
Stability Limit on Time Step in the Adams-Moulton Method | p. 235 |
Introducing Numerical Damping into the Adams-Moulton Method | p. 237 |
AMX: Adams-Moulton Method Applied to Systems with Acceleration | p. 239 |
Comments on Filtering to Remove High-Order Modes | p. 240 |
Additional Topics in Linear Thermoelastic Systems | p. 243 |
Transient Conductive Heat Transfer in Linear Media | p. 243 |
Finite Element Equation | p. 243 |
Direct Integration by the Trapezoidal Rule | p. 244 |
Modal Analysis in Linear Thermoelasticity | p. 244 |
Coupled Linear Thermoelasticity | p. 245 |
Finite Element Equation | p. 245 |
Thermoelasticity in an Elastic Conductor | p. 249 |
Incompressible Elastic Media | p. 250 |
Torsion of Prismatic Bars | p. 256 |
Basic Relations | p. 256 |
Buckling of Elastic Beams and Plates | p. 263 |
Euler Buckling of Beam Columns | p. 263 |
Static Buckling | p. 263 |
Dynamic Buckling | p. 264 |
Euler Buckling of Plates | p. 272 |
Introduction to Contact Problems | p. 274 |
Gap | p. 274 |
Point-to-Point Contact | p. 276 |
Point-to-Surface Contact | p. 278 |
Rotating and Unrestrained Elastic Bodies | p. 283 |
Finite Elements in Rotation | p. 283 |
Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration Vectors | p. 283 |
Velocity and Acceleration in Rotating Coordinates | p. 286 |
Critical Speeds in Shaft Rotor Systems | p. 295 |
Finite Element Analysis for Unconstrained Elastic Bodies | p. 299 |
Body Axes | p. 299 |
Euler Equations of a Rigid Body | p. 300 |
Variational Equations of an Unconstrained Elastic Body | p. 302 |
Principle of Virtual Work in Body Coordinates | p. 305 |
Numerical Determination of the Current Position of the Body Axes | p. 305 |
Appendix: Angular Velocity Vector in Spherical Coordinates | p. 306 |
Aspects of Nonlinear Continuum Thermomechanics | p. 309 |
Introduction | p. 309 |
Nonlinear Kinematics of Deformation | p. 309 |
Deformation Gradient Tensor | p. 309 |
Lagrangian Strain Tensor | p. 311 |
Velocity Gradient Tensor, Deformation Rate Tensor, and Spin Tensor | p. 313 |
Differential Volume Element | p. 314 |
Differential Surface Element | p. 315 |
Mechanical Equilibrium and the Principle of Virtual Work | p. 319 |
Traction Vector and Stress Tensors | p. 319 |
Stress Flux | p. 324 |
Balance of Mass, Linear Momentum, and Angular Momentum | p. 326 |
Principle of Virtual Work under Large Deformation | p. 328 |
Nonlinear Stress-Strain-Temperature Relations: The Isothermal Tangent Modulus Tensor | p. 333 |
Classical Elasticity | p. 333 |
Compressible Hyperelastic Materials | p. 333 |
Incompressible and Near-Incompressible Hyperelastic Materials | p. 334 |
Incompressibility | p. 335 |
Near-Incompressibility | p. 338 |
Nonlinear Materials at Large Deformation | p. 339 |
Introduction to Nonlinear FEA | p. 341 |
Introduction | p. 341 |
Types of Nonlinearity | p. 341 |
Newton Iteration | p. 342 |
Combined Incremental and Iterative Methods: A Simple Example | p. 344 |
Finite Stretching of a Rubber Rod under Gravity | p. 345 |
Model Problem | p. 345 |
Nonlinear Strain-Displacement Relations | p. 346 |
Stress and Tangent Modulus Relations | p. 346 |
Incremental Equilibrium Relation | p. 348 |
Single Element Built-in at One End | p. 349 |
On Numerical Solution by Newton Iteration | p. 350 |
Assembled Stiffness Matrix for a Two-Element Model of the Rubber Rod under Gravity | p. 351 |
Newton Iteration near a Critical Point | p. 353 |
Introduction to the Arc Length Method | p. 355 |
Incremental Principle of Virtual Work | p. 359 |
Incremental Kinematics | p. 359 |
Stress Increments | p. 365 |
Incremental Equation of Balance of Linear Momentum | p. 366 |
Incremental Principle of Virtual Work | p. 366 |
Incremental Finite Element Equation | p. 368 |
Contributions from Nonlinear Boundary Conditions | p. 368 |
Effect of Variable Contact | p. 370 |
Interpretation as Newton Iteration | p. 372 |
Buckling | p. 373 |
Tangent Modulus Tensors for Thermomechanical Response of Elastomers | p. 375 |
Introduction | p. 375 |
Compressible Elastomers | p. 376 |
Incompressible and Near-Incompressible Elastomers | p. 376 |
Examples of Expressions for the Helmholtz Potential | p. 378 |
Invariant-Based Incompressible Models: Isothermal Problems | p. 378 |
Invariant-Based Models for Compressible Elastomers under Isothermal Conditions | p. 379 |
Thermomechanical Behavior under Non-Isothermal Conditions | p. 379 |
Stretch-Ratio-Based Models: Isothermal Conditions | p. 380 |
Extension to Thermohyperelastic Materials | p. 381 |
Thermomechanics of Damped Elastomers | p. 384 |
Balance of Energy | p. 385 |
Entropy Production Inequality | p. 385 |
Dissipation Potential | p. 386 |
Thermal Field Equation for Damped Elastomers | p. 387 |
Constitutive Model in Thermoviscohyperelasticity | p. 388 |
Helmholtz Free Energy Density | p. 388 |
Dissipation Potential | p. 389 |
Variational Principles and Finite Element Equations for Thermoviscohyperelastic Materials | p. 390 |
Mechanical Equilibrium | p. 390 |
Thermal Equilibrium Equation | p. 391 |
Tangent Modulus Tensors for Inelastic and Thermoinelastic Materials | p. 393 |
Plasticity | p. 393 |
Tangent Modulus Tensor in Small Strain Isothermal Plasticity | p. 393 |
Plasticity under Finite Strain | p. 400 |
Kinematics | p. 400 |
Plasticity | p. 400 |
Thermoplasticity | p. 402 |
Balance of Energy | p. 403 |
Entropy Production Inequality | p. 404 |
Dissipation Potential | p. 404 |
Thermoinelastic Tangent Modulus Tensor | p. 405 |
Tangent Modulus Tensor in Viscoplasticity | p. 408 |
Mechanical Field | p. 408 |
Thermoinelasticity: Thermal Field | p. 412 |
Continuum Damage Mechanics | p. 414 |
Selected Advanced Numerical Methods in FEA | p. 419 |
Iterative Triangularization of Perturbed Matrices | p. 419 |
Introduction | p. 419 |
Incremental Finite Element Equation | p. 420 |
Iterative Triangularization Procedure | p. 421 |
Stiff Arc Length Constraint in Nonlinear FEA | p. 427 |
Introduction | p. 427 |
Newton Iteration for Nonlinear Finite Element Equations | p. 429 |
Newton Iteration without Arc Length Constraint | p. 430 |
Arc Length Method | p. 431 |
Stiff Arc Length Constraint | p. 432 |
Stiffness of K* | p. 432 |
Arc Length Vector Which Maximizes Stiffness: Examples | p. 434 |
Arc Length Vector Which Maximizes Stiffness: General Argument | p. 436 |
Numerical Determination of the Optimal Arc Length Vector | p. 437 |
Solution Procedure | p. 438 |
Block Triangularization | p. 439 |
Solution of the Outer Problem | p. 439 |
Solution of the Inner Problem | p. 440 |
Non-Iterative Solution of Finite Element Equations in Incompressible Solids | p. 443 |
Introduction | p. 443 |
Finite Element Equation for an Incompressible Medium | p. 444 |
Uzawa's Method | p. 445 |
Modification to Avoid Iteration | p. 447 |
References | p. 449 |
Index | p. 453 |
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