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Preface | p. xiii |
Philosophical Work | p. 1 |
Back to Basics | p. 1 |
The Consolations of Philosophy | p. 3 |
Box: Socrates | p. 5 |
Philosophy and Arguments | p. 5 |
Key Terms | p. 14 |
Plato: Socrates' Examined Life | p. 17 |
Bertrand Russell: The Value of Philosophy | p. 32 |
Chapter 1 Essay Questions | p. 35 |
The Existence of God | p. 36 |
Key Terms | p. 39 |
The Cosmological Argument | p. 39 |
Box: Thomas Aquinas | p. 40 |
Thomas Aquinas: Summa Theologica | p. 42 |
J. L. Mackie: Critique of Cosmological Arguments | p. 43 |
William Lane Craig: The Kalam Cosmological Argument | p. 51 |
Avicenna: On the Nature of God | p. 57 |
Argument 1 Essay Questions | p. 58 |
The Design Argument from Analogy | p. 59 |
William Paley: The Watch and the Watchmaker | p. 60 |
David Hume: Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion | p. 62 |
Argument 2 Essay Questions | p. 72 |
The Design Argument from the Best Explanation | p. 73 |
Richard Swinburne: The Best Explanation of Apparent Design | p. 74 |
Lewis Vaughn: The Failure of Supernatural Hypotheses | p. 81 |
Michael J. Behe: Intelligent Design | p. 85 |
Philip Kitchen Living with Darwin | p. 91 |
Argument 3 Essay Questions | p. 95 |
The Ontological Argument | p. 96 |
St. Anselm: Anselm's Proof | p. 97 |
Immanuel Kant: Of the Impossibility of an Ontological Proof | p. 100 |
William L. Rowe: The Problem with the Ontological Argument | p. 102 |
René Descartes: On the Ontological Argument | p. 112 |
Argument 4 Essay Questions | p. 113 |
The Argument from Miracles | p. 114 |
J. L. Mackie: Miracles and Testimony | p. 115 |
David Hume: Of Miracles | p. 125 |
Richard Swinburne: Miracles | p. 129 |
Argument 5 Essay Questions | p. 135 |
The Argument from Evil | p. 135 |
William L. Rowe: The Problem of Evil and Some Varieties of Atheism | p. 137 |
H. J. McCloskey: God and Evil | p. 145 |
Alvin Plantinga: The Free Will Defense | p. 157 |
John Hick: The Soul-Making Defense | p. 160 |
Argument 6 Essay Questions | p. 165 |
Chapter 2 Essay Questions | p. 165 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 166 |
Knowledge and Skepticism | p. 167 |
Key Terms | p. 170 |
Descartes' Dream and Evil Genius Arguments | p. 171 |
René Descartes: Meditations on First Philosophy (Meditation I) | p. 172 |
Christopher Grau: Bad Dreams, Evil Demons, and the Experience Machine: Philosophy and The Matrix | p. 175 |
Argument 7 Essay Questions | p. 182 |
Descartes Argument against Skepticism | p. 182 |
René Descartes: Meditations on First Philosophy (Meditation IV) | p. 183 |
David Hume: Of Skepticism with Regard to the Senses | p. 188 |
Robert Audi: Against Skepticism | p. 202 |
Argument 8 Essay Questions | p. 213 |
Berkeley's Argument against the Existence of Material Objects | p. 214 |
George Berkeley: Principles of Human Knowledge | p. 215 |
John Locke: An Essay concerning Human Understanding | p. 223 |
Bertrand Russell: Berkeley's Idealism | p. 227 |
Argument 9 Essay Questions | p. 230 |
Hume's Argument against Induction | p. 230 |
Box: David Hume | p. 231 |
David Hume: An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding | p. 232 |
Wesley C. Salmon: The Problem of Induction | p. 242 |
Argument 10 Essay Questions | p. 255 |
Chapter 3 Essay Questions | p. 255 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 256 |
Mind and Body | p. 257 |
Box: René Descartes | p. 258 |
Key Terms | p. 262 |
Descartes' Conceivability Argument for Dualism | p. 262 |
René Descartes: Discourse on Method | p. 263 |
Paul M. Churchland: Dualism | p. 264 |
Buddhist Writings: There Is No Ego | p. 273 |
Argument 11 Essay Questions | p. 275 |
Nagel's Bat Argument against Mind-Body Identity | p. 275 |
Thomas Nagel: What Is It Like to Be a Bat? | p. 276 |
J. J. C. Smart: Sensations and Brain Processes | p. 283 |
Argument 12 Essay Questions | p. 291 |
Chalmers' Zombie Argument against Materialism | p. 292 |
David Chalmers: The Logical Possibility of Zombies | p. 293 |
Daniel C. Dennett: "Epiphenomenal" Qualia? | p. 296 |
Argument 13 Essay Questions | p. 301 |
Block's Chinese Brain Argument against Functionalism | p. 302 |
Ned Block: Troubles with Functionalism | p. 303 |
Jerry A. Fodor: The Mind-Body Problem | p. 308 |
Argument 14 Essay Questions | p. 316 |
Searle's Chinese Room Argument against Strong AI | p. 317 |
John R. Searle: Is the Brains Mind a Computer Program? | p. 318 |
William G. Lycan: Machine Consciousness | p. 326 |
Argument 15 Essay Questions | p. 331 |
Chapter 4 Essay Questions | p. 331 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 331 |
Free Will and Determinism | p. 333 |
Key Terms | p. 337 |
Argument for Hard Determinism | p. 337 |
Baron d'Holbach: Of the System of Man's Free Agency | p. 339 |
Richard Taylor: Freedom and Determinism | p. 343 |
Jean-Paul Sartre: Absolute Freedom | p. 356 |
Argument 16 Essay Questions | p. 361 |
Indeterminist Argument for Free Will | p. 361 |
Box: William James | p. 362 |
William James: The Dilemma of Determinism | p. 363 |
Robert Kane: Free Will and Modern Science | p. 371 |
Argument 17 Essay Questions | p. 373 |
Argument against Compatibilism | p. 374 |
W. T. Stace: The Problem of Free Will | p. 375 |
William L. Rowe: Two Concepts of Freedom | p. 380 |
Harry G. Frankfurt: Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person | p. 394 |
Peter van Inwagen: The Incompatibility of Free Will and Determinism | p. 404 |
Argument 18 Essay Questions | p. 408 |
Argument against Libertarianism | p. 408 |
Randolph Clarke: Toward a Credible Agent-Causal Account of Free Will | p. 409 |
Galen Strawson: Libertarianism, Action, and Self-Determination | p. 419 |
Timothy O'Connor: Agent Causation | p. 423 |
Argument 19 Essay Questions | p. 425 |
Chapter 5 Essay Questions | p. 425 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 425 |
Ethics | p. 427 |
Key Terms | p. 437 |
Argument for Cultural Relativism | p. 437 |
Ruth Benedict: The Case for Moral Relativism | p. 438 |
Russ Shafer-Landau: Ethical Relativism | p. 443 |
Argument 20 Essay Questions | p. 449 |
Argument against Ethical Egoism | p. 449 |
Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan | p. 450 |
Louis P. Pojman: A Critique of Ethical Egoism | p. 457 |
Joel Feinberg: Psychological Egoism | p. 471 |
Argument 21 Essay Questions | p. 483 |
Argument against the Divine Command Theory | p. 483 |
Plato: Euthyphro | p. 484 |
Russ Shafer-Landau: The Divine Command Theory | p. 486 |
Argument 22 Essay Questions | p. 489 |
Argument against Utilitarianism | p. 489 |
Box: John Stuart Mill John Stuart Mill: Utilitarianism | p. 490 |
E. F. Carritt: Criticisms of Utilitarianism | p. 493 |
Argument 23 Essay Questions | p. 495 |
Argument against Kantian Ethics | p. 495 |
Immanuel Kant: Foundations of the Metaphysic of Morals | p. 496 |
William K. Frankena: Kant's Theory | p. 506 |
Virginia Held: The Ethics of Care | p. 508 |
Argument 24 Essay Questions | p. 527 |
Chapter 6 Essay Questions | p. 527 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 527 |
Philosophy at Work: Contemporary Ethical Debates | p. 529 |
Abortion | p. 529 |
Key Terms | p. 532 |
Two Arguments against Abortion | p. 532 |
John T. Noonan, Jr.: An Almost Absolute Value in History | p. 534 |
Don Marquis: Why Abortion Is Immoral | p. 539 |
Two Arguments for Abortion | p. 551 |
Mary Anne Warren: On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion | p. 553 |
Judith Jarvis Thomson: A Defense of Abortion | p. 557 |
Abortion Essay Questions | p. 568 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 569 |
Euthanasia | p. 569 |
Key Terms | p. 572 |
Two Arguments against Euthanasia | p. 572 |
Leon R. Kass: Why Doctors Must Not Kill | p. 574 |
Daniel Callahan: When Self-Determination Runs Amok | p. 579 |
Two Arguments for Euthanasia | p. 584 |
Dan W. Brock: Voluntary Active Euthanasia | p. 586 |
James Rachels: Active and Passive Euthanasia | p. 601 |
Euthanasia Essay Questions | p. 604 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 605 |
Global Hunger | p. 605 |
Key Terms | p. 607 |
Hardin's Argument against Aiding the Poor | p. 608 |
Garrett Hardin: Living on a Lifeboat | p. 609 |
William W. Murdoch and Allan Oaten: A Critique of Lifeboat Ethics | p. 620 |
Singer's Argument for Aiding the Poor | p. 629 |
Peter Singer: Famine, Affluence, and Morality | p. 630 |
Louis P. Pojman: World Hunger and Population | p. 638 |
Global Hunger Essay Questions | p. 649 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 649 |
Appendix: How to Read and Write Argumentative Essays | p. 651 |
Glossary | p. 661 |
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