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Electrical Installation Series titles

iii

Acknowledgements

iii

Study guide

Table of Contents

Magnetism

(20)

Part 1

(4)

Magnetic fields

(1)

Concentric magnetic field directions

(1)

Magnetic flux paths

(1)

Right Hand Grasp Rule applied to a solenoid

(2)

Part 2

(2)

Magnetic field properties

(1)

Magnetic flux

(1)

Magnetic flux density

(1)

Magnetomotive force

(1)

Magnetic field strength

(1)

Part 3

(1)

Electromagnetic force

(1)

Fleming's Left Hand (motor) rule

(1)

Calculating the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field

(1)

Part 4

(3)

Induced e.m.f.

(1)

Fleming's right hand rule

(1)

Induced e.m.f. by rate of change of magnetic flux

(1)

Self inductance

(1)

Mutual inductance

(1)

Part 5

(3)

Energy stored in an inductive circuit

(1)

The magnetisation curve

(1)

Hysteresis

(1)

Losses in magnetic materials

(1)

Magnetic materials

(1)

Applications of magnetic materials

(1)

Part 6

(3)

Basic principle of operation of a.d.e. motor

(1)

Rotation

(1)

Commutation

(1)

Basic principle of operation of a.d.e. generator

(1)

Generator output

(1)

Magnitude of generated e.m.f.

(1)

Part 7

(4)

Basic principles of operation of transformers

(1)

Basic principle of operation of a relay

(1)

Reasons for using a relay

(1)

Principle of operation of overload (overcurrent) protective devices

(1)

Overload or overcurrent protection

(1)

Magnetic overload trip

(1)

Principle of operation

(1)

Thermal overload devices (bimetallic type)

(1)

Indirectly heated bimetallic strip

(1)

Directly heated bimetallic strip

(1)

Thermistors

(2)

Electrostatics

(14)

Part 1

(4)

Static electricity

(1)

Static charges by friction

(1)

Electrostatic discharge

(1)

The capacitor

(1)

Charge

(1)

``Apparent'' current flow in capacitors - d.c. circuit

(1)

``Apparent'' current flow in capacitors - a.c. circuit

(1)

Part 2

(5)

Electric fields and electric flux

(1)

Electric field strength

(1)

Electric flux density

(1)

Capacitance

(1)

The value of capacitance

(1)

Capacitors in parallel and series

(1)

Parallel

(1)

Series

(1)

The energy stored in a capacitor

(1)

Part 3

(3)

Construction of capacitors

(1)

General construction of a cylindrical (tubular) type capacitor

(1)

Types of capacitors

(1)

Polarity

(1)

Suppression capacitors

(1)

Part 4

(2)

Dielectric strength and working voltage

(1)

The use of capacitors

(1)

Discharge resistors

(2)

D.C. machines

(18)

Part 1

(4)

D.C. motors and generators

(2)

Construction of a.d.c. motor

(1)

The field

(1)

The armature

(1)

Brush connections

(1)

Part 2

(7)

D.C. motors

(1)

The series motor

(1)

Speed control of a series motor

(1)

Starting

(1)

Reversing the direction of rotation

(1)

The shunt motor

(1)

Speed control of a shunt motor

(1)

Starting

(1)

Reversing the direction of rotation

(1)

The compound motor

(1)

Speed control of a compound motor

(1)

Reversing the direction of rotation

(1)

Part 3

(7)

Construction of a.d.c. generator

(1)

Materials used in construction

(1)

Construction

(1)

Separately excited generators

(1)

Self excited generators

(1)

Series wound generators

(1)

The shunt wound generator

(1)

Compound wound generator

(3)

Alternating Current Theory (Single-Phase)

(18)

Part 1

(8)

Phasor diagram representation of a.c. quantities

(1)

Phasor addition

(1)

Applying Pythagoras' Theorem to solve electrical problems

(1)

Impedance triangle

(1)

A.C. circuit calculations

(1)

R-L series circuits

(1)

Impedance

(1)

R-C series circuit

(1)

R-L-C series circuits

(2)

Periodic time and frequency

(1)

Part 2

(4)

Applying trigonometrical ratios to solve electrical problems

(1)

Power factor

(1)

Single-phase a.c. circuit

(1)

Resultant waveform diagram

(1)

Phasor diagram

(2)

Power factor measurement

(1)

Part 3

(6)

Improving the power factor of an a.c. motor

(1)

Why improve the power factor?

(1)

Power factor correction

(1)

Correction to unity

(1)

Method 1

(1)

Method 2

(1)

A.C. power

(3)

Alternating Current Theory (Three-Phase)

(20)

Part 1

(4)

Generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy

(1)

The constant supply

(1)

Three-phase generation

(1)

Generation to transmission

(1)

The grid system

(1)

Why high voltage transmission?

(1)

Loads on a.c. supplies

(2)

Part 2

(3)

Distribution

(2)

Load currents in three-phase circuits

(1)

Part 3

(4)

Three-phase power

(1)

Star connection

(1)

Delta connection

(2)

Three-phase balanced loads

(1)

Reasons for balancing single-phase loads on a three-phase system

(1)

Part 4

(8)

Interacting fields

(1)

Production of a rotating magnetic field from a three-phase supply

(1)

Constructing a parallelogram

(1)

Percentage voltage drops throughout an installation

(1)

D.C. supplies from an a.c. source

(1)

A.C. to d.c. converters

(1)

Voltage stabilisation

(4)

Progress check

(98)

A.C. Machines

(32)

Part 1

(3)

Production of torque from a three-phase supply

(1)

Reversal of rotation

(1)

Slip

(1)

Speed, poles and frequency

(1)

Synchronous speeds and standard rotor speeds at full load (50 Hz supply)

(1)

Synchronous speed

(1)

Speed and slip calculations

(2)

Part 2

(7)

The construction and operation of three-phase a.c. motors

(1)

Table 6.2 Current for a.c. motors

(1)

Construction of three-phase cage rotor induction motors

(1)

Laminated cores

(2)

Connection of the three-phase cage rotor induction motor

100

(1)

Operation of the three-phase cage-rotor induction motor

101

(1)

Advantages, disadvantages and typical applications

101

(1)

Starting torque of cage-rotor motors

101

(1)

The double-cage-rotor motor

102

(1)

Typical applications

102

(1)

Three-phase wound rotor induction motor

102

(1)

Operation and typical applications

103

(1)

Changing the direction of rotation

103

(1)

Part 3

104

(6)

Operation of single-phase induction motors

104

(1)

Types of single-phase induction motor

104

(1)

Split-phase motor

105

(1)

Windings connections

105

(1)

Changing the direction of rotation

105

(1)

Typical starting torque

105

(1)

Starting current

105

(1)

Applications

105

(1)

Capacitor start-induction run motor

106

(1)

Windings connections

106

(1)

Typical starting torque

106

(1)

Typical starting current

106

(1)

Application

106

(1)

Changing direction of rotation

106

(1)

Capacitor start capacitor run motor

107

(1)

Windings connections

107

(1)

Advantages

107

(1)

Changing direction of rotation

107

(1)

Shaded pole motor

107

(1)

Basic construction

107

(1)

Operation of simple shaded pole motor

108

(1)

Typical applications

108

(1)

Direction of rotation

108

(1)

Universal (a.c.d.c.) motor

108

(1)

Windings connections

109

(1)

Operation

109

(1)

Advantages and disadvantages

109

(1)

Application

110

(1)

Changing the direction of rotation

110

(1)

Part 4

110

(4)

The control of a.c. motors

110

(1)

A.C. motor starters

110

(1)

Types of three-phase motor starter

110

(1)

Direct-on-line (D.O.L) starter

110

(1)

Application

111

(1)

Operation of direct-on-line starter

111

(1)

Overload protection

111

(1)

No-volt protection

111

(1)

Undervoltage protection

111

(1)

Choosing a direct-on-line starter

111

(1)

Remote start stop control of a direct-on-line starter

112

(1)

Forward and reverse direct-on-line starter

112

(1)

Forward operation

112

(2)

Part 5

114

(4)

Reduced voltage starting methods

114

(1)

Star-delta starting

114

(1)

Application

114

(1)

Manual star delta starter operation

114

(1)

Operation

115

(1)

Auto star delta starter

115

(1)

Operation

115

(1)

Overload protection

116

(1)

No-volt and undervoltage protection

116

(1)

Auto-transformer starter

116

(1)

Application

116

(1)

Hand operated auto transformer starter

116

(1)

Operation

116

(1)

Starting three-phase motors on load

117

(1)

Wound rotor motor starters

117

(1)

Rotor resistance starter operation

117

(1)

Part 6

118

(7)

Types of single-phase motor starter

118

(1)

Operation

118

(1)

Single-phase direct-on-line starter circuit

118

(1)

Starting a universal (series wound) motor

118

(1)

Motor temperature protection

119

(1)

Operation of thermistors

119

(1)

Motor enclosures

120

(1)

Typical applications

120

(1)

Isolation, switching, control and protection of motors

121

(1)

Function

121

(1)

Suitable ways of electrically connecting a motor to a local isolator or starter

121

(4)

Transformers

125

(18)

Part 1

126

(4)

Purpose of a transformer

126

(1)

Construction and enclosures

126

(1)

Transformer core arrangements

126

(1)

Leakage flux

127

(1)

Operation of transformers

127

(1)

Step down transformers

128

(1)

Step up transformers

128

(1)

Volts per turn

129

(1)

Part 2

130

(7)

Isolating transformers

130

(1)

Voltage current relationships

130

(1)

Auto-transformers

131

(1)

Transformer windings

131

(1)

Three phase transformers

132

(1)

Terminal markings

133

(1)

Transformer efficiency

134

(1)

Transformer losses

135

(1)

Copper losses

135

(1)

Iron losses

136

(1)

Eddy current loss

136

(1)

Part 3

137

(6)

Instrument transformers

137

(1)

Increased safety

137

(1)

Practicality

137

(1)

Economy

137

(1)

Current transformers

137

(1)

Voltage transformers

138

(1)

Burden

138

(1)

Installation and connection of switchgear

139

(1)

Function of switchgear

139

(1)

Circuit breaker (C.B.)

139

(1)

Vacuum circuit breaker

139

(1)

Air-blast circuit breaker

140

(1)

Switch

140

(1)

Isolator

140

(1)

Typical applications of switchgear

140

(1)

Circuit breaker

140

(1)

Switch

140

(1)

Isolator

140

(1)

Purpose of switching devices in compliance with BS 7671

140

(1)

Isolator

140

(1)

Emergency switch

140

(1)

Functional switch

140

(1)

Mechanical maintenance

140

(3)

Illumination

143

(22)

Part 1

144

(3)

Visible light

144

(1)

Lighting units and quantities

144

(1)

Luminous efficacy

145

(1)

Calculating luminous efficacy

145

(1)

Sources of lighting from electricity

145

(1)

Reflectors and lenses

146

(1)

Luminaires

146

(1)

BSI Safety Mark

147

(1)

Part 2

147

(4)

Inverse square law

147

(1)

Cosine law

148

(1)

Maintenance factor

149

(1)

Light loss factor

149

(1)

Coefficient of utilisation factor

149

(2)

Part 3

151

(3)

Incandescent lamps

151

(1)

Lamp designation

151

(1)

Incandescent lamps

151

(1)

The GLS lamps

151

(1)

The tungsten halogen lamp

152

(1)

Extra low voltage tungsten halogen lamps

152

(1)

Lamp connections

153

(1)

Lamp replacement

153

(1)

Operating positions

153

(1)

Discharge lighting

153

(1)

Discharge lighting control gear

153

(1)

The inductor (choke or ballast)

153

(1)

The power factor correction capacitor

154

(1)

Switches for discharge lighting circuits

154

(1)

Part 4

154

(5)

Mercury vapour lamps

154

(1)

Lamp designations

154

(1)

Low pressure mercury vapour lamps (fluorescents)

154

(1)

Switch start circuit

155

(1)

Electronic start circuits

156

(1)

Semi-resonant circuits

156

(1)

Lead-lag circuits

157

(1)

High frequency circuits

157

(1)

High pressure mercury vapour lamp (HPMV)

158

(1)

Part 5

159

(6)

Sodium lamps

159

(1)

Lamp designations

159

(1)

Lamp operating positions

160

(1)

Low pressure sodium lamps

160

(1)

High pressure sodium lamps

161

(1)

SON starting methods

162

(3)

Efficiency, Work, Energy and Power

165

(10)

Part 1

165

(6)

Efficiency

165

(1)

Power loss and efficiency of motors

165

(1)

Keeping power losses in electrical machines to a minimum

166

(1)

Calculation of efficiency

166

(1)

Efficiency calculations (three-phase motors)

167

(1)

Work, energy and power

168

(1)

Work

168

(1)

Energy

169

(1)

Power

170

(1)

Part 2

171

(4)

Practical problems involving efficiency

171

(4)

Instruments

175

(14)

Part 1

176

(4)

Measuring instruments

176

(1)

Analogue instruments

176

(1)

Moving coil

176

(1)

Moving iron

177

(1)

Electrodynamic

177

(1)

Advantages and disadvantages of moving coil and moving iron instruments

178

(1)

Parallax error

178

(1)

Digital instruments

178

(1)

Ammeters and voltmeters

179

(1)

Voltmeters

179

(1)

Part 2

180

(9)

Monitoring and metering

180

(1)

Voltage measurements

180

(1)

Measuring high voltages

181

(1)

Current measurement

182

(1)

Clamp-on ammeter (tong tester)

182

(1)

Measurement of power

183

(1)

Wattmeter connections

184

(1)

Measuring power in three phase circuits

185

(1)

Measuring voltage, current and power on high voltage current a.c. systems

186

(1)

Energy meters

186

(1)

Connection of three phase energy meters

186

(3)

Short answer end test

189

(4)

Multi-choice end test

193

(2)

Answers

195

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Intermediate Science and Theory: Intermediate Course

9781861526656

1861526652

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Rewards Program

Rent More, Save More! Use code: ECRENTAL

Rent More, Save More! Use code: ECRENTAL

5% off 1 book, 7% off 2 books, 10% off 3+ books

Intermediate Science and Theory: Intermediate Course

9781861526656

1861526652

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Rewards Program

Digital License