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9783540652250

Laser Spectroscopy : Basic Concepts and Instrumentation

by
  • ISBN13:

    9783540652250

  • ISBN10:

    3540652256

  • Edition: 3rd
  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2002-12-01
  • Publisher: Springer Verlag
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Supplemental Materials

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Summary

Keeping abreast of the latest techniques and applications, this new edition of the standard reference and graduate text on laser spectroscopy has been completely revised and expanded. While the general concept is unchanged, the new edition features a broad array of new material, e.g., frequency doubling in external cavities, reliable cw-parametric oscillators, tunable narrow-band UV sources, more sensitive detection techniques, tunable femtosecond and sub-femtosecond lasers (X-ray region and the attosecond range), control of atomic and molecular excitations, frequency combs able to synchronize independent femtosecond lasers, coherent matter waves, and still more applications in chemical analysis, medical diagnostics, and engineering.

Table of Contents

Introduction
1(6)
Absorption and Emission of Light
7(52)
Cavity Modes
7(3)
Thermal Radiation and Planck's Law
10(2)
Absorption, Induced, and Spontaneous Emission
12(4)
Basic Photometric Quantities
16(4)
Definitions
17(2)
Illumination of Extended Areas
19(1)
Polarization of Light
20(2)
Absorption and Emission Spectra
22(4)
Transition Probabilities
26(16)
Lifetimes, Spontaneous and Radiationless Transitions
26(2)
Semiclassical Description: Basic Equations
28(4)
Weak-Field Approximation
32(1)
Transition Probabilities with Broad-Band Excitation
33(2)
Phenomenological Inclusion of Decay Phenomena
35(2)
Interaction with Strong Fields
37(4)
Relations Between Transition Probabilities, Absorption Coefficient, and Line Strength
41(1)
Coherence Properties of Radiation Fields
42(10)
Temporal Coherence
42(2)
Spatial Coherence
44(1)
Coherence Volume
45(3)
The Coherence Function and the Degree of Coherence
48(4)
Coherence of Atomic Systems
52(7)
Density Matrix
53(1)
Coherent Excitation
54(2)
Relaxation of Coherently Excited Systems
56(1)
Problems
57(2)
Widths and Profiles of Spectral Lines
59(38)
Natural Linewidth
60(8)
Lorentzian Line Profile of the Emitted Radiation
60(2)
Relation Between Linewidth and Lifetime
62(2)
Natural Linewidth of Absorbing Transitions
64(4)
Doppler Width
68(4)
Collisional Broadening of Spectral Lines
72(10)
Phenomenological Description
73(3)
Relations Between Interaction Potential, Line Broadening, and Shifts
76(5)
Collisional Narrowing of Lines
81(1)
Transit-Time Broadening
82(3)
Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Line Broadening
85(2)
Saturation and Power Broadening
87(5)
Saturation of Level Population by Optical Pumping
87(2)
Saturation Broadening of Homogeneous Line Profiles
89(2)
Power Broadening
91(1)
Spectral Line Profiles in Liquids and Solids
92(5)
Problems
94(3)
Spectroscopic Instrumentation
97(124)
Spectrographs and Monochromators
97(23)
Basic Properties
99(10)
Prism Spectrometer
109(3)
Grating Spectrometer
112(8)
Interferometers
120(42)
Basic Concepts
121(1)
Michelson Interferometer
122(5)
Mach-Zehnder Interferometer
127(3)
Multiple-Beam Interference
130(7)
Plane Fabry-Perot Interferometer
137(8)
Confocal Fabry-Perot Interferometer
145(5)
Multilayer Dielectric Coatings
150(4)
Interference Filters
154(3)
Birefringent Interferometer
157(4)
Tunable Interferometers
161(1)
Comparison Between Spectrometers and Interferometers
162(4)
Spectral Resolving Power
162(2)
Light-Gathering Power
164(2)
Accurate Wavelength Measurements
166(13)
Precision and Accuracy of Wavelength Measurements
167(2)
Today's Wavemeters
169(10)
Detection of Light
179(38)
Thermal Detectors
182(5)
Photodiodes
187(10)
Photodiode Arrays
197(3)
Photoemissive Detectors
200(11)
Detection Techniques and Electronic Equipment
211(6)
Conclusions
217(4)
Problems
218(3)
Lasers as Spectroscopic Light Sources
221(148)
Fundamentals of Lasers
221(5)
Basic Elements of a Laser
221(1)
Threshold Condition
222(2)
Rate Equations
224(2)
Laser Resonators
226(20)
Open Optical Resonators
228(3)
Spatial Field Distributions in Open Resonators
231(1)
Confocal Resonators
232(4)
General Spherical Resonators
236(1)
Diffraction Losses of Open Resonators
236(2)
Stable and Unstable Resonators
238(4)
Ring Resonators
242(1)
Frequency Spectrum of Passive Resonators
243(3)
Spectral Characteristics of Laser Emission
246(12)
Active Resonators and Laser Modes
246(3)
Gain Saturation
249(2)
Spatial Hole Burning
251(2)
Multimode Lasers and Gain Competition
253(3)
Mode Pulling
256(2)
Experimental Realization of Single-Mode Lasers
258(26)
Line Selection
258(4)
Suppression of Transverse Modes
262(2)
Selection of Single Longitudinal Modes
264(7)
Intensity Stabilization
271(3)
Wavelength Stabilization
274(10)
Controlled Wavelength Tuning of Single-Mode Lasers
284(7)
Continuous Tuning Techniques
285(3)
Wavelength Calibration
288(3)
Linewidths of Single-Mode Lasers
291(3)
Tunable Lasers
294(37)
Basic Concepts
295(1)
Semiconductor-Diode Lasers
296(6)
Tunable Solid-State Lasers
302(2)
Color-Center Lasers
304(5)
Dye Lasers
309(16)
Excimer Lasers
325(3)
Free-Electron Lasers
328(3)
Nonlinear Optical Mixing Techniques
331(28)
Physical Background
331(2)
Phase Matching
333(2)
Second-Harmonic Generation
335(6)
Quasi Phase Matching
341(2)
Sum-Frequency and Higher-Harmonic Generation
343(5)
X-Ray Lasers
348(1)
Difference-Frequency Spectrometer
349(3)
Optical Parametric Oscillator
352(4)
Tunable Raman Lasers
356(3)
Gaussian Beams
359(10)
Problems
365(4)
Doppler-Limited Absorption and Fluorescence Spectroscopy with Lasers
369(70)
Advantages of Lasers in Spectroscopy
369(4)
High-Sensitivity Methods of Absorption Spectroscopy
373(18)
Frequency Modulation
374(4)
Intracavity Absorption
378(9)
Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS)
387(4)
Direct Determination of Absorbed Photons
391(14)
Fluorescence Excitation Spectroscopy
391(5)
Photoacoustic Spectroscopy
396(5)
Optothermal Spectroscopy
401(4)
Ionization Spectroscopy
405(8)
Basic Techniques
405(2)
Sensitivity of Ionization Spectroscopy
407(1)
Pulsed Versus CW Lasers for Photoionization
408(3)
Resonant Two-Photon Ionization Combined with Mass Spectrometry
411(1)
Thermionic Diode
412(1)
Optogalvanic Spectroscopy
413(3)
Velocity-Modulation Spectroscopy
416(1)
Laser Magnetic Resonance and Stark Spectroscopy
417(4)
Laser Magnetic Resonance
418(2)
Stark Spectroscopy
420(1)
Laser-Induced Fluorescence
421(11)
Molecular Spectroscopy by Laser-Induced Fluorescence
422(2)
Experimental Aspects of LIF
424(4)
LIF of Polyatomic Molecules
428(1)
Determination of Population Distributions by LIF
429(3)
Comparison Between the Different Methods
432(7)
Problems
436(3)
Nonlinear Spectroscopy
439(60)
Linear and Nonlinear Absorption
439(6)
Saturation of Inhomogeneous Line Profiles
445(8)
Hole Burning
446(4)
Lamb Dip
450(3)
Saturation Spectroscopy
453(10)
Experimental Schemes
454(4)
Cross-Over Signals
458(1)
Intracavity Saturation Spectroscopy
459(3)
Lamb-Dip Frequency Stabilization of Lasers
462(1)
Polarization Spectroscopy
463(13)
Basic Principle
464(1)
Line Profiles of Polarization Signals
465(5)
Magnitude of Polarization Signals
470(3)
Sensitivity of Polarization Spectroscopy
473(3)
Advantages of Polarization Spectroscopy
476(1)
Multiphoton Spectroscopy
476(14)
Two-Photon Absorption
476(3)
Doppler-Free Multiphoton Spectroscopy
479(4)
Influence of Focusing on the Magnitude of Two-Photon Signals
483(2)
Examples of Doppler-Free Two-Photon Spectroscopy
485(2)
Multiphoton Spectroscopy
487(3)
Special Techniques of Nonlinear Spectroscopy
490(7)
Saturated Interference Spectroscopy
490(2)
Doppler-Free Laser-Induced Dichroism and Birefringence
492(2)
Heterodyne Polarization Spectroscopy
494(1)
Combination of Different Nonlinear Techniques
495(2)
Conclusion
497(2)
Problems
497(2)
Laser Raman Spectroscopy
499(32)
Basic Considerations
499(5)
Experimental Techniques of Linear Laser Raman Spectroscopy
504(7)
Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy
511(13)
Stimulated Raman Scattering
511(6)
Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy
517(3)
Resonant CARS and BOX CARS
520(2)
Hyper-Raman Effect
522(1)
Summary of Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy
523(1)
Special Techniques
524(3)
Resonance Raman Effect
524(1)
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering
525(1)
Raman Microscopy
526(1)
Time-Resolved Raman Spectroscopy
527(1)
Applications of Laser Raman Spectroscopy
527(4)
Problems
529(2)
Laser Spectroscopy in Molecular Beams
531(36)
Reduction of Doppler Width
531(8)
Adiabatic Cooling in Supersonic Beams
539(8)
Formation and Spectroscopy of Clusters and Van der Waals Molecules in Cold Molecular Beams
547(4)
Nonlinear Spectroscopy in Molecular Beams
551(2)
Laser Spectroscopy in Fast Ion Beams
553(3)
Applications of FIBLAS
556(5)
Spectroscopy of Radioactive Elements
556(1)
Photofragmentation Spectroscopy of Molecular Ions
557(3)
Laser Photodetachment Spectroscopy
560(1)
Saturation Spectroscopy in Fast Beams
560(1)
Spectroscopy in Cold Ion Beams
561(1)
Combination of Molecular Beam Laser Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry
562(5)
Problems
564(3)
Optical Pumping and Double-Resonance Techniques
567(42)
Optical Pumping
568(5)
Optical-RF Double-Resonance Technique
573(6)
Basic Considerations
573(3)
Laser-RF Double-Resonance Spectroscopy in Molecular Beams
576(3)
Optical--Microwave Double Resonance
579(4)
Optical--Optical Double Resonance
583(17)
Simplification of Complex Absorption Spectra
584(4)
Stepwise Excitation and Spectroscopy of Rydberg States
588(9)
Stimulated Emission Pumping
597(3)
Special Detection Schemes of Double-Resonance Spectroscopy
600(9)
OODR-Polarization Spectroscopy
600(1)
Polarization Labeling
601(2)
Microwave-Optical Double-Resonance Polarization Spectroscopy
603(1)
Hole-Burning and Ion-Dip Double-Resonance Spectroscopy
603(2)
Triple-Resonance Spectroscopy
605(1)
Problems
606(3)
Time-Resolved Laser Spectroscopy
609(70)
Generation of Short Laser Pulses
610(36)
Time Profiles of Pulsed Lasers
610(2)
Q-Switched Lasers
612(2)
Cavity Dumping
614(2)
Mode Locking of Lasers
616(9)
Generation of Femtosecond Pulses
625(6)
Optical Pulse Compression
631(4)
Sub 10-fs Pulses with Chirped Laser Mirrors
635(3)
Fiber Lasers and Optical Solitons
638(3)
Shaping of Ultrashort Light Pulses
641(1)
Generation of High-Power Ultrashort Pulses
642(4)
Measurement of Ultrashort Pulses
646(12)
Streak Camera
646(2)
Optical Correlator for Measuring Ultrashort Pulses
648(10)
Lifetime Measurement with Lasers
658(10)
Phase-Shift Method
660(2)
Single-Pulse Excitation
662(1)
Delayed-Coincidence Technique
663(2)
Lifetime Measurements in Fast Beams
665(3)
Pump-and-Probe Technique
668(11)
Pump-and-Probe Spectroscopy of Collisional Relaxation in Liquids
670(1)
Electronic Relaxation in Semiconductors
671(1)
Femtosecond Transition State Dynamics
672(1)
Real-Time Observations of Molecular Vibrations
673(2)
Transient Grating Techniques
675(2)
Problems
677(2)
Coherent Spectroscopy
679(46)
Level-Crossing Spectroscopy
680(12)
Classical Model of the Hanle Effect
681(3)
Quantum-Mechanical Models
684(3)
Experimental Arrangements
687(1)
Examples
688(1)
Stimulated Level-Crossing Spectroscopy
689(3)
Quantum-Beat Spectroscopy
692(7)
Basic Principles
693(1)
Experimental Techniques
694(5)
Molecular Quantum-Beat Spectroscopy
699(1)
Excitation and Detection of Wave Packets in Atoms and Molecules
699(3)
Optical Pulse-Train Interference Spectroscopy
702(2)
Photon Echoes
704(7)
Optical Nutation and Free-Induction Decay
711(2)
Heterodyne Spectroscopy
713(1)
Correlation Spectroscopy
714(11)
Basic Considerations
714(5)
Correlation Spectroscopy of Light Scattered by Microparticles
719(1)
Homodyne Spectroscopy
720(3)
Heterodyne Correlation Spectroscopy
723(1)
Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy and Single Molecule Detection
724(1)
Problems
724(1)
Laser Spectroscopy of Collision Processes
725(42)
High-Resolution Laser Spectroscopy of Collisional Line Broadening and Line Shifts
726(5)
Sub-Doppler Spectroscopy of Collision Processes
727(2)
Combination of Different Techniques
729(2)
Measurements of Inelastic Collision Cross Sections of Excited Atoms and Molecules
731(12)
Measurements of Absolute Quenching Cross Sections
732(1)
Collision-Induced Rovibronic Transitions in Excited States
733(5)
Collisional Transfer of Electronic Energy
738(1)
Energy Pooling in Collisions Between Excited Atoms
739(2)
Spectroscopy of Spin-Flip Transitions
741(2)
Spectroscopic Techniques for Measuring Collision-Induced Transitions in the Electronic Ground State of Molecules
743(7)
Time-Resolved Infrared Fluorescence Detection
744(1)
Time-Resolved Absorption and Double-Resonance Methods
745(2)
Collision Spectroscopy with Continuous-Wave Lasers
747(2)
Collisions Involving Molecules in High Vibrational States
749(1)
Spectroscopy of Reactive Collisions
750(5)
Spectroscopic Determination of Differential Collision Cross Sections in Crossed Molecular Beams
755(5)
Photon-Assisted Collisional Energy Transfer
760(4)
Photoassociation Spectroscopy of Colliding Atoms
764(3)
Problems
765(2)
New Developments in Laser Spectroscopy
767(84)
Optical Cooling and Trapping of Atoms
767(30)
Photon Recoil
768(2)
Measurement of Recoil Shift
770(2)
Optical Cooling by Photon Recoil
772(3)
Experimental Arrangements
775(5)
Threedimensional Cooling of Atoms; Optical Mollasses
780(2)
Cooling of Molecules
782(3)
Optical Trapping of Atoms
785(5)
Optical Cooling Limits
790(3)
Bose-Einstein Condensation
793(1)
Evaporative Cooling
793(2)
Applications of Cooled Atoms and Molecules
795(2)
Spectroscopy of Single Ions
797(11)
Trapping of Ions
797(2)
Optical Sideband Cooling
799(3)
Direct Observations of Quantum Jumps
802(2)
Formation of Wigner Crystals in Ion Traps
804(2)
Laser Spectroscopy in Storage Rings
806(2)
Optical Ramsey Fringes
808(11)
Basic Considerations
808(3)
Two-Photon Ramsey Resonance
811(4)
Nonlinear Ramsey Fringes Using Three Separated Fields
815(3)
Observation of Recoil Doublets and Suppression of One Recoil Component
818(1)
Atom Interferometry
819(4)
Mach-Zehnder Atom Interferometer
820(2)
Atom Laser
822(1)
The One-Atom Maser
823(3)
Spectral Resolution Within the Natural Linewidth
826(9)
Time-Gated Coherent Spectroscopy
826(5)
Coherence and Transit Narrowing
831(2)
Raman Spectroscopy with Subnatural Linewidth
833(2)
Absolute Optical Frequency Measurement and Optical Frequency Standards
835(5)
Microwave-Optical Frequency Chains
835(3)
Frequency Comb from Femtosecond Laser Pulses
838(2)
Squeezing
840(11)
Amplitude and Phase Fluctuations of a Light Wave
841(3)
Experimental Realization of Squeezing
844(4)
Application of Squeezing to Gravitational Wave Detectors
848(3)
Applications of Laser Spectroscopy
851(42)
Applications in Chemistry
851(14)
Laser Spectroscopy in Analytical Chemistry
851(3)
Single-Molecule Detection
854(1)
Laser-Induced Chemical Reactions
855(4)
Coherent Control of Chemical Reactions
859(1)
Laser Femtosecond Chemistry
860(2)
Isotope Separation with Lasers
862(3)
Summary of Laser Chemistry
865(1)
Environmental Research with Lasers
865(9)
Absorption Measurements
866(2)
Atmospheric Measurements with LIDAR
868(5)
Spectroscopic Detection of Water Pollution
873(1)
Applications to Technical Problems
874(5)
Spectroscopy of Combustion Processes
874(3)
Applications of Laser Spectroscopy to Materials Science
877(1)
Measurements of Flow Velocities in Gases and Liquids
878(1)
Applications in Biology
879(6)
Energy Transfer in DNA Complexes
879(2)
Time-Resolved Measurements of Biological Processes
881(1)
Correlation Spectroscopy of Microbe Movements
882(1)
Laser Microscope
883(1)
Time-Resolved Spectroscopy of Biological Processes
884(1)
Medical Applications of Laser Spectroscopy
885(7)
Applications of Raman Spectroscopy in Medicine
885(2)
Heterodyne Measurements of Ear Drums
887(1)
Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy with the HPD Technique
888(1)
Laser Lithotripsy
889(2)
Laser-Induced Thermotherapy of Brain Cancer
891(1)
Fetal Oxygen Monitoring
892(1)
Concluding Remarks
892(1)
References 893(86)
Subject Index 979

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