Just like building physics, performance based building design was hardly an issue before the energy crises of the 1970s. With the need to upgrade energy efficiency, the interest in overall building performance grew. As the first of two volumes, this book applies the performance rationale, advanced in applied building physics, to the design and construction of buildings. After an overview of materials for thermal insulation, water proofing, air tightening and vapour tightening and a discussion on joints, building construction is analysed, starting with the excavations. Then foundations, below and on grade constructions, typical load bearing systems and floors pass the review to end with massive outer walls insulated at the inside and the outside and cavity walls. Most chapters build on a same scheme: overview, overall performance evaluation, design and construction. This third book, after Building Physics and Applied Building Physics, is the result of 38 years of teaching architectural, building and civil engineers, coupled to more than 40 years of experience in research and consultancy. Where and when needed, input and literature from over the world was used, reason why each chapter ends listing references and literature. The book should be usable by undergraduates and graduates in architectural and building engineering, though also building engineers, who want to refresh their knowledge, may benefit. The level of discussion assumes the reader has a sound knowledge of building physics, along with a background in structural engineering, building materials and building construction.

Prof. Em. Dr. Ir. Hugo S.L.C. Hens, University of Leuven (KULeuven, Belgium), taught Building Physics from 1975 to 2003, Performance Based Building Design from 1970 to 2005 and Building Services from 1975 to 1977 and 1990 to 2008. Until 1972, he worked as a structural engineer at a mid-sized architectural company, constructing houses, apartment building and office buildings. He has authored and co-authored over 150 articles and conference papers, and written hundreds of reports on building damage cases and their solution. He has been coordinating the international working group CIB W40 on Heat and Mass Transfer in Building for ten years. Between 1986 and 2008, he was operating agent of four Annexes, initiated by the International Energy Agency's EXCO on Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems: Annex 14, Annex 24, Annex 32 and Annex 41. He is also a fellow of the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE).

Preface	p. xiii
Introduction	p. 1
Subject of the book	p. 1
Units and symbols	p. 1
References and literature	p. 5
Performances	p. 7
In general	p. 7
Definitions and basic characteristics	p. 7
Advantages	p. 7
Performance arrays	p. 7
Design based on performance metrics	p. 10
The design process	p. 10
Integrating a performance analysis	p. 10
Impact on the building process	p. 11
References and literature	p. 11
Materials	p. 13
In general	p. 13
Array of material properties	p. 13
Thermal insulation materials	p. 14
Introduction	p. 14
Apparent thermal conductivity	p. 14
In general	p. 14
Impact of the transport modes	p. 14
Other properties	p. 19
Mechanical	p. 19
Physical	p. 19
Fire	p. 20
Sensitivity to temperature, IR and UV	p. 20
Materials	p. 20
Insulating building materials	p. 20
Insulation materials	p. 23
Insulating systems	p. 34
Recent developments	p. 35
Water, vapour and air flow control layers	p. 37
In general	p. 37
Water barriers	p. 38
A short history	p. 38
Bituminous membranes	p. 39
Polymer-bituminous membranes	p. 39
High-polymer membranes	p. 41
Vapour retarders and vapour barriers	p. 42
Air barriers	p. 44
Joints	p. 44
In general	p. 44
Joint solutions and joint finishing options	p. 45
Performance requirements	p. 46
Mechanical	p. 46
Building physics related	p. 46
Sealant classification	p. 46
Load and sealant choice	p. 48
Structural design of sealed joints	p. 49
Points of attention	p. 50
References and literature	p. 51
Excavations and building pit	p. 55
In general	p. 55
Realisation	p. 55
Foundations	p. 57
In general	p. 57
Performance evaluation	p. 57
Structural integrity	p. 57
Equilibrium load bearing capacity	p. 57
Settling load bearing capacity	p. 58
Building physics	p. 60
Durability	p. 60
Foundation systems	p. 61
In general	p. 61
Spread foundations	p. 61
Footings	p. 61
Foundation slabs	p. 63
Soil consolidation	p. 63
Deep foundations	p. 63
Wells	p. 63
Piles	p. 64
Specific problems	p. 65
Eccentrically loaded footings	p. 65
Footings under large openings	p. 66
Reinforcing and/or deepening existing foundations	p. 66
Footings	p. 66
Wells	p. 67
Pressed piles	p. 67
References and literature	p. 68
Building parts on and below grade	p. 69
In general	p. 69
Performance evaluation	p. 69
Structural integrity	p. 69
Static stability	p. 69
Strength and stiffness	p. 70
Building physics, heat, air, moisture	p. 71
Air tightness	p. 71
Thermal transmittance	p. 73
Transient response	p. 88
Moisture tolerance	p. 91
Thermal bridging	p. 98
Building physics: acoustics	p. 100
Durability	p. 101
Fire safety	p. 101
Soil gases	p. 101
Design and execution	p. 101
Basements	p. 101
Drainages	p. 102
In general	p. 102
Properties	p. 103
Design	p. 103
Waterproof encasement	p. 105
Inside	p. 105
Outside	p. 107
Waterproof concrete	p. 108
References and literature	p. 109
Structural options	p. 111
In general	p. 111
Performance evaluation	p. 112
Structural integrity	p. 112
Fire safety	p. 113
Structural system design	p. 115
Vertical loads	p. 115
Horizontal load	p. 116
Massive structures	p. 116
Skeleton structures	p. 119
Dynamic horizontal loads	p. 121
References and literature	p. 121
Floors	p. 123
In general	p. 123
Performance evaluation	p. 124
Structural integrity	p. 124
Building physics: heat-air-moisture	p. 125
Air tightness	p. 125
Thermal transmittance	p. 126
Transient response	p. 128
Moisture tolerance	p. 129
Thermal bridging	p. 135
Building physics: acoustics	p. 136
Airborne noise	p. 136
Impact noise	p. 136
Durability	p. 137
Fire safety	p. 138
Design and execution	p. 139
In general	p. 139
Timber floors	p. 140
Span below 6 m	p. 140
Spans above 6 m	p. 142
Concrete slabs and prefabricated structural floor units	p. 142
Span below 6 m	p. 142
Span above 6 m	p. 145
Steel floors	p. 146
Span below 6 m	p. 146
Span above 6 m	p. 146
References and literature	p. 147
Outer wall requirements	p. 149
In general	p. 149
Performance evaluation	p. 149
Structural integrity	p. 149
Building physics: heat, air, moisture	p. 150
Air tightness	p. 150
Thermal transmittance	p. 151
Transient response	p. 152
Moisture tolerance	p. 153
Thermal bridging	p. 153
Building physics: acoustics	p. 153
Durability	p. 154
Fire safety	p. 155
Maintenance and economy	p. 155
References and literature	p. 155
Massive outer walls	p. 157
Traditional masonry walls	p. 157
In general	p. 157
Performance evaluation	p. 157
Building physics: heat, air, moisture	p. 157
Building physics: acoustics	p. 160
Durability	p. 160
Fire safety	p. 160
Conclusion	p. 160
Massive light-weight walls	p. 160
In general	p. 160
Performance evaluation	p. 161
Structural integrity	p. 161
Building physics: heat, air, moisture	p. 162
Building physics: acoustics	p. 170
Durability	p. 171
Fire safety	p. 172
Maintenance	p. 172
Design and execution	p. 172
In general	p. 172
Specific	p. 173
Massive walls with inside insulation	p. 174
In general	p. 174
Performance evaluation	p. 174
Structural integrity	p. 174
Building physics: heat, air, moisture	p. 174
Building physics: acoustics	p. 190
Durability	p. 190
Fire safety	p. 191
Global conclusion	p. 192
Design and execution	p. 192
Massive walls with outside insulation	p. 194
In general	p. 194
Performance evaluation	p. 195
Structural integrity	p. 195
Building physics: heat, air, moisture	p. 195
Building physics: acoustics	p. 206
Durability	p. 207
Fire safety	p. 209
Maintenance	p. 209
Global conclusion	p. 209
Design and execution	p. 209
Clad stud systems	p. 209
EIFS-systems	p. 210
References and literature	p. 212
Cavity walls	p. 215
In general	p. 215
Performance evaluation	p. 217
Structural integrity	p. 217
Building physics: heat, air, moisture	p. 218
Air tightness	p. 218
Thermal transmittance	p. 221
Transient response	p. 234
Moisture tolerance	p. 235
Thermal bridges	p. 244
Building physics: acoustics	p. 244
Durability	p. 245
Fire safety	p. 246
Maintenance	p. 246
Design and execution	p. 247
New construction	p. 247
Airtight, as few thermal bridges as possible	p. 247
Correct cavity trays where needed	p. 248
Excluding air looping and wind washing	p. 249
Post-filling existing cavity walls	p. 250
References and literature	p. 251
Panelized massive outer walls	p. 255
In general	p. 255
Performance evaluation	p. 256
Structural integrity	p. 256
Building physics: heat, air, moisture	p. 257
Air tightness	p. 257
Thermal transmittance	p. 257
Transient response	p. 259
Moisture tolerance	p. 259
Thermal bridging	p. 260
Building physics: acoustics	p. 260
Durability	p. 260
Fire safety	p. 261
Maintenance	p. 261
Design and execution	p. 261
References and literature	p. 262
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