The evolution of portable communications applications has been facilitated largely by the development of reflective LCD technology. Offering a unique insight into state-of-the art display technologies, Reflective Liquid Crystal Displays covers the basic operations principles, exemplary device structures and fundamental material properties of device components. Display engineers, scientists and technicians active in the field will welcome this unique resource, as will developers of a wide range of systems and applicaations. Graduate students and researchers will appreciated the introduction and technical insight into this exciting technology. Featuring: * Direct-view, projection and micro (virtual projection) reflective displays in the context of multi-media projectors, mobile internet and personal entertainment displays. * Optimisation of critical display attributes: fast response time, low voltage operation and wide angle viewing. * Description of the basic properties of liquid crystal materials and their incorporation into configurations for transmissive and reflective applications. * Examination of the various operations modes enabling the reader to slect the appropriate display type to meet a variety of needs. * Overview and comparison of the complete range of reflective display technologies, and reflective LCD effects. The Society for Information Display (SID) is an international society which has the aim of encouraging the development of all aspects of the field of information display. Complementary to the aims of the society the Wiley-SID series is intended to explain the latest developments in information display technology at a professional level. The broad scope of the series addresses all facets of information displays from technical aspects through systems and prototypes to standards and ergonomics.

Series Editor's Foreword

Preface

xiii

Foreword

Overview of Reflective Displays

(34)

Introduction

(1)

Reflective Direct-view LCDs

(14)

Two-polariser R-LCD

(1)

Single-polariser R-LCD

(1)

Zero-polariser R-LCD

(3)

Reflectors

(5)

Color filters

(1)

Trans-reflective displays

(1)

Front lighting

(1)

Reflective Projection Displays

(7)

Liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS)

(1)

Key performance parameters

(5)

Virtual projection displays

(1)

Digital Micromirror Devices (DMD)

(3)

Operating principles

(2)

Key DMD features

(1)

Reliability

(1)

Grating Light Valves

(1)

Interferometric Modulation

(2)

Electrophoretic Displays

(6)

In-plane electrophoretic displays (IP-EPD)

(1)

Lines/plate EPD

(1)

Wall/post EPD

(1)

References

(4)

Liquid Crystal Materials

(30)

Introduction

(1)

Birefringence

(2)

Wavelength-dependent birefringence

(1)

Temperature-dependent birefringence

(1)

Dielectric Constants

(5)

LC resistivity

(1)

Mean field theory

(2)

Molecular simulations

(1)

Viscosity

(2)

Elastic Constants

(2)

LC Absorption

(3)

UV/ visible absorption

(1)

IR absorption

(2)

Some Commonly Used LC Compounds

(9)

LCs for TN

(1)

LCs for STN

(1)

LCs for AMLCD

(1)

Negative Δ&epsis; LCs

(2)

High birefringence LCs

(5)

Cholesteric Displays

(6)

References

(4)

Phase Retardation Effect

(24)

Introduction

(1)

Homogeneous Cell

(2)

LC alignment

(1)

Phase retardation effect

(2)

Film-compensated Homogeneous Cells

(7)

Computer simulations

(1)

Compensation principles

(1)

Electro-optic effect

(1)

Viewing angle

(1)

Cell gap tolerance

(1)

Temperature effect

(1)

Response time

(1)

Operating voltage

(1)

Gray scale

(1)

Phase-only modulation

(1)

Homeotropic Cell

(7)

Cell preparation

(2)

Transmissive displays

(2)

Reflective displays

(2)

Chiral-homeotropic Cell

(7)

Transmissive displays

(1)

Reflective displays

(2)

References

(3)

Twisted Nematic Cells

(24)

Introduction

(1)

Transmissive TN Cells

(8)

Bisector effect

(1)

90° TN cell

(2)

75° TN cell

(1)

60° TN cell

(1)

100° TN cell

(2)

Reflective MTN Cells

(10)

90° TN cell

100

(1)

90° MTN cell

100

(3)

80° and 70° MTN cells

103

(1)

63.6° MTN cell

104

(1)

60° MTN cell

105

(2)

Low twist MTN cells

107

(1)

Reflective TN Cells

108

(5)

45° TN cell

108

(1)

53° TN cell

109

(1)

Other TN cells

110

(1)

References

111

(2)

Super-twisted Nematic Displays

113

(12)

Introduction

113

(1)

Reflective STN

114

(1)

Jones matrix

114

(1)

Special cases

115

(1)

Computer simulations

115

(1)

Reflective 180° STN

115

(4)

Normalised reflectance

115

(1)

Electro-optic effects

116

(1)

Cell gap tolerance

117

(1)

Duty ratio

118

(1)

Reflective 210° STN

119

(1)

Reflective 240° STN

119

(6)

Single film approach

119

(1)

Double film approach

120

(1)

Twisted film-compensated STN

121

(1)

References

122

(3)

Guest-Host Displays

125

(24)

Introduction

125

(1)

Guest-Host Medium

125

(5)

LC alignment

126

(1)

Dichroic ratio

126

(1)

Absorption wavelengths

127

(3)

Solubility

130

(1)

Viscosity

130

(1)

Material stability

130

(1)

Liquid Crystal Dyes

130

(5)

Nitro-amino biphenyl azo dyes

130

(2)

Nitro-amino tolane dyes

132

(3)

Nitro-amino diphenyldiacetylene dyes

135

(1)

Cell Configurations

135

(10)

Heilmeier-Zanoni cell

135

(1)

Cole-Kashnow cell

136

(2)

White-Taylor cell

138

(4)

Double cell

142

(1)

Tri-layer GH cells

143

(2)

Amorphous cell

145

(1)

Chroma

145

(4)

References

146

(3)

Liquid Crystal/ Polymer Composites

149

(48)

Introduction

149

(1)

Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals

150

(12)

Liquid crystal droplet configurations in PDLC

151

(3)

Preparation of PDLC

154

(3)

Operation of PDLC

157

(1)

Drive voltage of a PDLC

158

(3)

Dichroic dye doped PDLC

161

(1)

Polymer Stabilised Liquid Crystals

162

(12)

Preparation of PSLCs

162

(1)

Working modes of PSLCs

163

(11)

Scattering Properties of Liquid Crystal/Polymer Composites

174

(12)

Basic Properties

174

(2)

Rayleigh--Gans scattering theory

176

(6)

Anomalous diffraction scattering theory

182

(1)

Multiple scattering and scattering profile

182

(4)

PDLC Reflective Displays

186

(11)

PDLC reflective display with a black background

186

(3)

PDLC reflective display with a mirror

189

(2)

Dichroic dye doped PDLC reflective display

191

(1)

References

192

(5)

Cholesteric Reflective Displays

197

(46)

Introduction

197

(2)

Optical Properties of Cholesteric Liquid Crystals

199

(12)

Basic optical properties of cholesteric liquid crystals

199

(1)

Reflection spectrum of cholesteric liquid crystals

200

(6)

Viewing angle of cholesteric displays

206

(2)

Gray scale of cholesteric displays

208

(1)

Cell design of cholesteric displays

208

(1)

Color of cholesteric displays

209

(2)

Polymer-dispersed cholesteric liquid crystal

211

(1)

Transition Among Cholesteric Textures

211

(16)

Transition between planar texture and focal conic texture

212

(2)

Transition between the focal conic texture and homeotropic texture

214

(8)

Transition between the homeotropic texture and the planar texture

222

(5)

Drive Schemes

227

(16)

Electro-optical response of bistable cholesteric liquid crystals

227

(2)

Conventional drive scheme

229

(5)

Dynamic drive schemes

234

(4)

References

238

(5)

Bistable Nematic Displays

243

(26)

Introduction

243

(1)

Bistable Twisted-untwisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Display

243

(18)

Bistability and switching mechanism

244

(5)

Optical properties

249

(9)

Drive schemes

258

(3)

Surface Stabilized Nematic Liquid Crystals

261

(8)

Zenithal bistable nematic display

261

(2)

Azimuthal bistable nematic display

263

(3)

References

266

(3)

Fast Response Liquid Crystals

269

(20)

Introduction

269

(1)

Figure of Merit

270

(2)

Temperature Effect

272

(1)

Material Effects

273

(2)

Viscosity effect

273

(2)

Elastic constant effect

275

(1)

Birefringence effect

275

(1)

Voltage Effect

275

(1)

Surface Stabilisation

276

(1)

Cell Gap Effect

277

(8)

Thin cell approach

277

(3)

Cell gap measurements

280

(5)

π-cell

285

(4)

References

286

(3)

Low Operating Voltage

289

(16)

Introduction

289

(1)

Self-phase Compensation Effect

289

(1)

Material Effects

290

(6)

Δ&epsis; effect

291

(1)

Push-pull effect

292

(2)

Colorless high Δ&epsis; compounds

294

(1)

Elastic constant effect

295

(1)

Pre-tilt Angle Effect

296

(1)

Twist Angle Effect

296

(1)

Polarisation Angle Effect

297

(4)

Transmissive displays

298

(1)

Reflective displays

299

(1)

Virtual displays

300

(1)

Compensation Films

301

(1)

Homeotropic Cells

301

(4)

References

303

(2)

Wide Viewing Angle

305

(28)

Introduction

305

(1)

Film-compensated TN Cells

306

(7)

Principles of phase compensation

307

(2)

Discotic compensation films

309

(3)

Twisted compensation films

312

(1)

Spectra Vue™

313

(1)

Transverse Field Effect

314

(5)

In-plane switching

314

(4)

Figure-on-plane mode

318

(1)

Fringing field switching (FFS)

318

(1)

Multi-domain TN

319

(3)

Two-domain TN

320

(1)

Four-domain TN

320

(2)

Amorphous-TN

322

(1)

Multi-domain Vertical Alignment

322

(5)

Protrusions method

323

(2)

Patterned vertical alignment (PVA)

325

(1)

Polymer-stabilised vertical alignment (PSVA)

325

(1)

Reverse exposure MVA

326

(1)

Axially Symmetric-aligned Microcell (ASM) Mode

327

(1)

Film-compensated π-cell

328

(5)

References

329

(4)

Index

333

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Reflective Liquid Crystal Displays

9780471496113

0471496111

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Rent More, Save More! Use code: ECRENTAL

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5% off 1 book, 7% off 2 books, 10% off 3+ books

Reflective Liquid Crystal Displays

9780471496113

0471496111

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Rewards Program

Digital License