The Object Constraint Language:... | Buy

Provides a practical guide to OCL for software architects, designers, & developers. The author uses a pragmatic approach & illustrative use of examples that will help application developers to get up to speed quickly with this important object modeling method. Paper. DLC: Object-oriented methods (Computer science).

Foreword

xv

(2)

Preface

xvii

(2)

Acknowledgments

xvii

(2)

Introduction

xix

Who Should Read This Book

xix

(1)

How This Book Should Be Used

xix

(1)

Typeface Conventions

xx

(1)

Information on Related Subjects

xx

Chapter 1 Why Write Constraints?

1

(10)

1.1 Definition of Constraint

1

(1)

1.1.1 Use of Constraints in Other Techniques

1

(1)

1.2 Design by Contract

2

(3)

1.2.1 Definition of Contract

2

(1)

1.2.2 Contents of a Contract

3

(1)

1.2.3 Advantages of Contracts

3

(1)

1.2.4 Preconditions and Postconditions

4

(1)

1.2.5 Invariants

4

(1)

1.3 Advantages of Constraints

5

(1)

1.3.1 Better Documentation

5

(1)

1.3.2 Improved Precision

5

(1)

1.3.3 Communication without Misunderstanding

5

(1)

1.4 Declarative or Operational Constraints

6

(1)

1.4.1 Advantages of a Declarative Language

6

(1)

1.5 Notation: Natural Language or Mathematical Expressions

7

(1)

1.6 Summary: Requirements for OCL

8

(3)

Chapter 2 OCL Basics

11

(10)

2.1 The "Royal and Loyal" System Example

11

(3)

2.2 Putting Invariants on Attributes

14

(1)

2.3 Putting Invariants on Associated Classes

15

(1)

2.4 Dealing with Collections of Objects

15

(2)

2.4.1 Sets, Bags, and Sequences

17

(1)

2.5 Inheritance

17

(1)

2.6 Working with Enumerations

18

(1)

2.7 Writing Preconditions and Postconditions

18

(1)

2.8 Where to Start Writing Invariants

19

(1)

2.9 Broken Constraints

20

(1)

2.10 Summary

20

(1)

Chapter 3 The Complete Overview of OCL Constructs

21

(36)

3.1 Types and Instances

21

(1)

3.1.1 Value Types and Object Types

22

(1)

3.2 OCL Expressions and OCL Constraints

22

(1)

3.3 The Context of an OCL Expression

23

(1)

3.3.1 The Context of an Invariant

23

(1)

3.3.2 The Context of a Pre- or Postcondition

23

(1)

3.3.3 The self Keyword

24

(1)

3.4 Basic Types and Operators

24

(5)

3.4.1 The Boolean Type

25

(2)

3.4.2 The Integer and Real Types

27

(1)

3.4.3 The String Type

27

(2)

3.5 Model Types

29

(9)

3.5.1 Attributes from the UML Model

30

(1)

3.5.2 Operations from the UML Model

30

(1)

3.5.3 Class Operations and Attributes from the UML Model

31

(1)

3.5.4 Associations and Aggregations from the UML Model

32

(1)

3.5.5 Association Classes from the UML Model

33

(1)

3.5.6 Qualified Associations from the UML Model

34

(1)

3.5.7 Using Package Names in Navigations

35

(1)

3.5.8 Using Pathnames in Inheritance Relations

36

(1)

3.5.9 Enumeration Types

37

(1)

3.6 The Set, Bag, and Sequence Types

38

(11)

3.6.1 Treating Instances as Collections

39

(1)

3.6.2 Flattening Collections

40

(1)

3.6.3 Operations on All Collection Types

40

(1)

3.6.4 Operations with Variant Meaning

40

(2)

3.6.5 Operations for the Set Type

42

(1)

3.6.6 Operations for the Sequence Type

42

(1)

3.6.7 Operations That Iterate over Collection Elements

43

(1)

3.6.8 The select Operation

43

(2)

3.6.9 The reject Operation

45

(1)

3.6.10 The collect Operation

45

(1)

3.6.11 Shorthand Notation for collect

46

(1)

3.6.12 The forAll Operation

46

(1)

3.6.13 The exists Operation

47

(1)

3.6.14 The iterate Operation

48

(1)

3.7 Constructs for Postconditions

49

(1)

3.8 Operations Defined on Every OCL Type

50

(3)

3.9 Types as Objects

53

(1)

3.10 Type Conformance Rules

54

(1)

3.11 Precedence Rules

55

(1)

3.12 Comments

55

(1)

3.13 Undefined

56

(1)

3.14 Summary

56

(1)

Chapter 4 Modeling with Constraints

57

(24)

4.1 Constraints in a UML Model

57

(10)

4.1.1 Invariants

57

(1)

4.1.2 Invariants for Derived Attributes or Associations

58

(1)

4.1.3 Preconditions and Postconditions

58

(1)

4.1.4 Guards in State Transition Diagrams

59

(1)

4.1.5 Using Guards and Events in Pre- and Postconditions

60

(1)

4.1.6 Change Events in State Transition Diagrams

61

(1)

4.1.7 Type Invariants for Stereotypes

62

(2)

4.1.8 Where OCL Expressions Can Be Used

64

(1)

4.1.9 Constraints and Inheritance

64

(3)

4.2 Styles for Specifying Constraints

67

(5)

4.2.1 Avoiding Complex Navigation Expressions

67

(1)

4.2.2 Choice of Context Object

68

(1)

4.2.3 Use of allnstances

69

(1)

4.2.4 Splitting and Constraints

69

(1)

4.2.5 Adding Extra Operations or Attributes

70

(1)

4.2.6 Using the collect Shorthand

71

(1)

4.3 Solving Modeling Issues with Constraints

72

(8)

4.3.1 Abstract Classes

72

(1)

4.3.2 Specifying Uniqueness Constraints

72

(1)

4.3.3 Adding Details to the Model versus Adding Constraints

73

(2)

4.3.4 Cycles in Class Models

75

(1)

4.3.5 Constraints on Associations

76

(1)

4.3.6 Multiplicity Constraints

76

(1)

4.3.7 The Subset Constraint

77

(1)

4.3.8 The Or Constraint

78

(2)

4.3.9 Optional Multiplicity in Associations

80

(1)

4.4 Summary

80

(1)

Chapter 5 Extending OCL

81

(6)

5.1 A Word of Caution

81

(1)

5.2 Extending the Standard OCL Types

82

(1)

5.3 Adding New OCL Types

82

(2)

5.4 Operational Use of Constraints

84

(2)

5.4.1 Generating Code for Constraints

84

(1)

5.4.2 When to Check Constraints

85

(1)

5.4.3 What to Do When the Constraint Fails

85

(1)

5.5 Summary

86

(1)

Appendix A OCL Basic Types and Collection Types

87

(16)

A.1 Basic Types

87

(7)

A.1.1 OclType

87

(1)

A.1.2 OclAny

88

(1)

A.1.3 OclExpression

89

(1)

A.1.4 Real

89

(2)

A.1.5 Integer

91

(1)

A.1.6 String

92

(1)

A.1.7 Boolean

93

(1)

A.1.8 Enumeration

93

(1)

A.2 Collection-Related Types

94

(9)

A.2.1 Collection

94

(2)

A.2.2 Set

96

(2)

A.2.3 Bag

98

(1)

A.2.4 Sequence

99

(4)

Appendix B Formal Grammar

103

(4)

Bibliography

107

(2)

Index

109

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