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Summary
One of the most enthusiastically received introductory books in recent years, The Philosophical Journey is a topically organized text presented in an interactive format designed to get students' philosophical intuitions flowing. The book's guiding metaphor of "explorers on a journey" makes readers active participants in ongoing discoveries. The message of this book is that philosophy is a vital activity and way of thinking that can be practiced and developed.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to the Philosophical Journey: Where Are We Going and How Will We Get There?
1.0 Overview of the Journey
Philosophy and Aerobics
Philosophy and Love
Philosophy and Peanut Butter
Philosophy and Colds
What Do Philosophers Study?
What is the Practical Value of Philosophy?
Philosophy as a Journey
Guideposts for your Journey
Scouting the Territory
Charting the Terrain - What are the Issues?
Choosing a Path - What are my Options?
What Do I Think?
Key to the Questionnaire
Leading Questions
Surveying the Case For...
A Reading From...
Looking Through X's Lens
Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses Of X
Boxed Exercises
1.1 Socrates and the Search for Wisdom
Socrates' Life and Mission
Reading: Plato, from Apology
Socrates' Method
Reading: Plato, from Republic
Socrates' Teaching
1.2 Plato's Allegory of the Cave
Reading: Plato, from Republic
Evaluating Philosophical Claims and Theories
The Nature of Arguments
Review for Chapter 1
CHAPTER 2 The Search for Knowledge
2.0 Overview of the Problem of Knowledge
Scouting the Territory: What Can I Know?
Charting the Terrain of Knowledge: What Are the Issues?
Choosing a Path: What Are My Options Concerning Knowledge?
What Do I Think? Questionnaire on Knowledge, Doubt, Reason, and Experience
Key to the Questionnaire on Knowledge
2.1 Skepticism
Leading Questions: Skepticism
Surveying the Case for Skepticism
Early Greek Skeptics
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
Reading: Rene Descartes, from Meditations on First Philosophy (1)
Reading: Rene Descartes, from Meditations on First Philosophy (2)
David Hume (1711-1776)
Reading: David Hume, from Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1)
Reading: David Hume, from Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (2)
Reading: David Hume, from Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (3)
Reading: David Hume, from A Treatise of Human Nature
Looking Through the Skeptic's Lens
Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Skepticism
2.2 Rationalism
Leading Questions: Rationalism
Surveying the Case for Rationalism
The Three Anchor Points of Rationalism
The Rationalists' Answers to the Three Epistemological Questions
Socrates (c. 470-399 B.C.)
Plato (c. 428-348 B.C.)
Reading: Plato, from Phaedo
Renee Descartes
Reading: Rene Descartes, from Meditations on First Philosophy
Looking Through the Rationalist's Lens
Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Rationalism
2.3 Empiricism
Leading Questions: Empiricism
Surveying the Case for Empiricism
The Three Anchor Points of Empiricism
The Empiricists' Answers to the Three Epistemological Questions
John Locke (1632-1704)
Reading: John Locke, from An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
George Berkeley (1685-1753)
Reading: George Berkeley, from A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
Knowledge
David Hume
David Hume, from An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
Summary of Rationalism and Empiricism
Looking Through the Empiricist's Lens
Examing the Strengths and Weaknesses of Empiricism
2.4 Kantian Constructivism
Leading Questions: Constructivism
Surveying the Case for Kantian Constructivism
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
Reading: Immanuel Kant, from Critique of Pure Reason (1)
Reading: Immanuel Kant, from Critique of Pure Reason (2)
Looking Through Kant's Lens
Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Kantian Constructivism
2.5 Epistemological Relativism
Leading Questions: Epistemological Relativism
Surveying the Case for Relativism
Reading: Friedrich Nietzsche, from Beyond Good and Evil
Epistemological Cultural Relativism: Carlos Castaneda
Reading: Carlos Castaneda, from The Teachings of Don Juan
Preview of Coming Attractions
Looking Through the Relativist's Lens
Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Relativism
2.6 Rethinking the Western Tradition: Pragmatism
Leading Questions: Pragmatism
Surveying the Case for Pragmatism
Reading: William James, from Pragmatism's Conception of Truth
Looking Through the Pragmatist's Lens
Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Pragmatism
2.7 Rethinking the Western Tradition: Feminist Epistemology
Leading Questions: Feminist Epistemology
Surveying the Case for Feminist Epistemology
Reading: Ann Garry and Marilyn Pearsall, from Women, Knowledge, and Reality
Issues and Themes in Feminist Epistemology
Feminist Epistemology and the Problem of Relativism
Reading: Lorraine Code, from What Can She Know?
Looking Through the Lens of Feminist Epistemology
Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Feminist Epistemology
Review for Chapter 2
CHAPTER 3: The Search for Ultimate Reality
3.0 Overview of Metaphysics
Scouting the Territory: What is Reality?
Charting the Terrain of Metaphysics: What are the Issues?
Choosing a Path: What Are My Options Concerning Metaphysics?
Conceptual Tools: The Basics of Metaphysics
What Do I Think? Questionnaire on What is Most Real
3.1 Overview: The Mind-Body Problem
Scouting the Territory: What is the Mind? What is the Body?
Reading: Hugh Elliot, from Tantalus
Charting the Terrain of the Mind-Body Problem: What Are the Issues?
Choosing a Path: What Are My Options Concerning the Mind and the Body?
What Do I Think? Questionnaire on Mind and Body
Key to the Mind-Body Questionnaire
3.2 Dualism
Leading Questions: Dualism
Surveying the Case for Dualism
Descartes's Arguments for Mind-Body Dualism
Reading: Rene Descartes, from Discourse on the Method
Reading: Rene Descartes, from Meditations on First Philosophy (1)
Reading: Rene Descartes, from Meditations on First Philosophy (2)
Looking Through the Dualist's Lens
Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Dualism
3.3 Physicalism
Leading Questions: Physicalism
Surveying the Case for Physicalism
Reading: Jeffrey Olen, from Persons and Their World
Looking Through the Physicalist's Lens
Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Physicalism
3.4 Functionalism and Artificial Intelligence
Leading Questions: Functionalism and Artificial Intelligence
The Amazing Chess-Playing Machine
Surveying the Case for Functionalism
Reading: Jerry Fodor, The Mind-Body Problem
Surveying the Case for Artificial Intelligence
Reading: Marvin Minskey, Why People Think Computers Can't
Looking Through the Lens of Functionalism and Strong AI
Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Functionalims and Strong AI
3.5 Overview: Freedom and Determinism
Scouting the Territory: Freedom and Determinism
Charting the Terrain of Freedom and Determinism: What Are the Issues?
Conceptual Tools: Thinking About Freedom
Choosing a Path: What Are My Options Concerning Human Freedom?
What Do I Think? Questionnaire on Freedom and Determinism
Key to the Questionnaire on Freedom and Determinism
3.6 Hard Determinism
Leading Questions: Hard Determinism
The Debate Over Determinism
Reading: B.F. Skinner, from Walden Two
Surveying the Case for Hard Determinism
The Problems with Libertarianism
The Positive Case for Determinism
The Denial of Moral Responsibility
Reading: Samuel Butler, from Erewhon
Reading: Clarence Darrow, from The Leopold and Loeb Trial
Benedict (Baruch) Spinoza (1632-1677)
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
Reading: B.F. Skinner, from A Lecture on 'Having' a Poem
Looking Through the Hard Determinist's Lens
Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Hard Determinism
3.7 Libertarianism
Leading Questions: Libertarianism
Surveying the Case for Libertarianism
The Problems with Determinism
The Positive Arguments for Libertarianism
Agency Theory
Reading: Richard Taylor, from Metaphysics
Radical Existential Freedom
Reading: Jean-Paul Sartre, from Being and Nothingness
Reading: Jean-Paul Sartre, from Dirty Hands
Looking Through the Libertarian's Lens
Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Libertarianism
3.8 Compatibilism
Leading Questions: Compatibilism
Surveying the Case for Compatibilism (Soft Determinism)
Reading: Walter T. Stace, from Religion and the Modern Mind
Looking Through the Compatibilist's Lens
Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Compatibilism
Review for Chapter 3
CHAPTER 4: The Search for God
4.0 Overview of Philosophy of Religion
Scouting the Territory: The Impact of Religion
Reading: Peter Kreeft, from Does God Exist?
Charting the Terrain of Religion: What Are the Issues?
Choosing a Path: What Are My Options Concerning Religious Belief?
Conceptual Tools: Arguments for the Existence of God
What Do I Think? Questionnaire on the Existence of God
Key to the Questionnaire on the Existence of God
4.1 The Cosmological Argument for God
Leading Questions: The Cosmological Arguement
Surveying the Case for the Cosmological Argument
St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)
Reading: St. Thomas Aquinas, from Summa Theologica
Richard Taylor, from Metaphysics
Looking Through the Lens of the Cosmological Argument
Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Cosmological Argument
4.2 The Design Argument for God
Leading Questions: The Argument from Design
Surveying the Case for the Design Argument
William Paley (1743-1805)
Reading: William Paley, from Natural Theology
Science and Cosmic Design
David Hume
Reading: David Hume, from Dialogues Concerning Human Religion
Looking Through the Lens of the Argument From Design
Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Argument from Design
4.3 The Ontological Argument for God
Leading Questions: The Ontological Argument
Surveying the Case for the Ontological Argument
St. Anselm (1033-1109)
Reading: Anselm, from Proslogium
Looking Through the Lens of the Ontological Argument
Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Ontological Argument
4.4 Pragmatic and Subjective Justifications of Religious Belief
Leading Questions: The Pragmatic and Subjective Justifications of Belief
Surveying the Case for Pragmatic and Subjective Justifications
Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)
Reading: Blaise Pascal, from Thoughts
William James
Reading: William James, from The Will to Believe
Looking Through the Lens of the Pragmatic and Subjective Justifications of Religious Belief
Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Pragmatic and Subjective Justifications of Religious Belief
4.5 The Problem of Evil: Atheistic and Theistic Responses
Leading Questions: The Problem of Evil
Surveying the Case for Atheism: The Argument from Evil
Reading: Albert Camus, from The Plague
Religious Responses to the Argument from Evil
Reading: John Hick, from Evil and the God of Love
Reading: C.S. Lewis, The Problem of Pain
Looking Through the Atheist's Lens
Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Atheism
4.6 Rethinking the Western Tradition: Asian Religions