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9780471181903

Theory and Practice of Infrared Technology for Nondestructive Testing

by
  • ISBN13:

    9780471181903

  • ISBN10:

    0471181900

  • Edition: 1st
  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2001-04-30
  • Publisher: Wiley-Interscience
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Summary

The book includes fundamental concepts of theory, instrumentation, and experimental practice as well as practical applications. An important chapter setting the book apart from other publications describes the properties of materials and presents case studies from industry. In addition, a program called IRNDT accompanies the book and is available on the Wiley ftp site. The program includes an image bank that can be used to test the principles covered in the book. * All chapters end with summaries, problems, and questions. * Authored by an acknowledged expert in the field. * Material draws on case studies to illustrate major points.

Author Biography

XAVIER P. V. MALDAGUE is Professor of Electrical and Computing Engineering at Université Laval in Québec City, Canada. He is the author of two other books on the subject: Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials by Infrared Thermography and Infrared Methodology.

Table of Contents

Preface xv
Getting Started with Thermography for Nondestructive Testing
1(14)
Passive Thermography Testing Procedure
1(1)
Active Thermography Testing Procedures
2(2)
Pulsed Thermography
2(1)
Step Heating (Long Pulse)
3(1)
Lock-in Thermography
3(1)
Vibrothermography
3(1)
TNDT Limitations and Applications
4(1)
Historical Notes
4(11)
PART I FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
Introduction to Thermal Emission
15(26)
Basic Concepts
15(3)
Blackbody
18(1)
Solid Angle, Coordinate System, Emitted and Incident Radiation, and Units
18(3)
Radiance, Exitance, and Irradiance
21(3)
Planck's Law
24(2)
Wien Displacement Law
26(1)
Stefan-Boltzmann Law
27(1)
Radiation Emitted in a Spectral Band
28(2)
Reflection, Absorption, and Transmission
30(11)
Emissivity
31(3)
Absorption
34(1)
Reflection
35(1)
Transmission
36(1)
Flux Exchanges and Kirchhoff's Law
36(2)
Problems
38(3)
Introduction to Heat Transfer
41(58)
Basic Concepts
42(10)
First Laws and Definitions
42(1)
Thermal Conductivity
43(2)
Conduction Heat Transfer
45(1)
Radiation Heat Transfer
45(2)
Convection Heat Transfer
47(3)
Combined Heat Transfer Mechanisms
50(1)
Electrical Analogy
51(1)
One-Dimensional Heat Transfer
52(20)
Conduction Heat Transfer in a Semi-infinite Slab with Fixed Conditions at Borders
54(4)
Composite Systems
58(6)
Radial Systems
64(3)
Critical Radius
67(1)
Internal Energy Sources
68(1)
Fins and Biot Number
69(3)
Unsteady Heat Transfer
72(5)
Electrical Analogy
73(4)
Multidimensional Conduction Heat Transfer
77(22)
Analytical Approach
77(2)
Finite-Difference Modeling
79(10)
Problems
89(7)
Appendix: Solving Differential Equations Using the Laplace Transform
96(3)
Infrared Sensors and Optic Fundamentals
99(68)
Detector Definitions and Characteristics
99(6)
Impedance and Responsivity
99(1)
Time Constant
100(1)
Noise Equivalent Power
101(1)
Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference
101(1)
Detectivity D and D*
101(1)
Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference
102(1)
Line Spread Function and Slit Response Function
102(3)
Signal Degradation
105(1)
Noise
105(2)
Shot Noise
106(1)
Thermal or Johnson Noise
107(1)
Flicker or 1/f Noise
107(1)
Thermal Detectors
107(5)
Bolometers
108(1)
Thermopiles
109(1)
Pneumatic Detectors
110(1)
Pyroelectric Detectors
110(1)
Liquid Crystals
111(1)
Photonic Detectors
112(2)
Photoemissive Photonic Detectors
112(1)
Quantum Detectors
113(1)
Infrared Imaging Devices
114(10)
Pyroelectric Detectors
114(3)
Infrared Focal Plane Arrays
117(6)
Scanning Radiometers
123(1)
Cooling
124(3)
Selection of an Atmospheric Band
127(1)
Radiometric Measurements
128(13)
Single-Color Pyrometry: Correction of the Vignetting Effect
133(3)
Single-Color Pyrometry: Temperature Calibration
136(1)
Two-Color Pyrometry: Temperature Calibration
137(4)
Infrared Optics
141(9)
Reflection
143(2)
Refraction
145(1)
Properties of Optical Materials
146(1)
Materials in Infrared Optics
146(4)
Optics Fundamentals
150(17)
Mirrors
150(3)
Thin Lenses
153(7)
Aberrations
160(1)
Filters
161(1)
Problems
162(5)
Images
167(38)
Basic Concepts
167(8)
Image Formation
175(2)
Pinhole Camera Model and Perspective Projection
175(1)
Orthographic and Parallel Projections
176(1)
Data Acquisition and Recording
177(4)
Photographic Film Recording
177(1)
Videotape Recording
178(2)
High-Performance Hard Disk Storage
180(1)
Direct Digital Recording
180(1)
Image Degradations
181(5)
Noise (in Images)
185(1)
Noise Evaluation
185(1)
Image Rectification
186(12)
Spatial Domain Image Enhancement
186(6)
Detail Enhancement of Thermograms Using Local Statistics
192(1)
Frequency-Domain Image Enhancement
193(1)
Spatial and Temporal Reference Thermogram Enhancement Technique
193(3)
Alternative Smoothing Routine for Noise Processing
196(2)
Thermal Contrast Computations
198(3)
Manual Interpretation of Color Scales and Profiles
201(4)
Color Scales
201(1)
Profiles
202(1)
Problems
203(2)
Automated Image Analysis
205(32)
Basic Concepts
205(2)
Defect Detection Algorithms
206(1)
Validity of Defect Detection Procedures
206(1)
Image Formation
207(7)
Automatic Segmentation Algorithm
214(10)
Part I: Defect Localization
214(3)
Part II: Defect Edge Estimation
217(1)
Results and Discussion
218(6)
Lateral Scanning Defect Detection Algorithm
224(3)
Neural Network Detection
227(10)
Neural Network Fundamentals
227(1)
Neural Network Design
228(3)
Learning
231(1)
Example of Neural Network Use
231(2)
Remarks on Neural Networks
233(1)
Problems
234(3)
Materials
237(28)
New Materials
237(1)
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Materials
238(3)
Industrial Materials
241(10)
Iron-Based Alloys
241(2)
Nonferrous Alloys
243(3)
Plastics
246(2)
Ceramics
248(2)
Composite Materials
250(1)
Materials Inspected by TNDT
251(4)
Bonded Assemblies
252(1)
Graphite-Epoxy Structures
253(2)
Thin Coatings
255(1)
Other NDE Techniques
255(4)
Probability of Defect Detection, Reliability, and Inspection Programs
259(6)
Problems
262(3)
Experimental Concepts
265(78)
Instrumentation for Passive and Active Infrared Thermography
265(31)
Instrumentation for the Passive Approach
266(4)
Instrumentation for the Active Approach
270(23)
Measurement Reproducibility
293(1)
Analysis for an Experimental Setup Configuration (Active Pulsed TNDT)
294(2)
Solutions to Emissivity Problems
296(16)
Blackpainting
300(1)
Techniques Applied to Solve the Emissivity Problem
301(2)
Multiwavelength Pyrometry
303(1)
Thermal Transfer Imaging
304(8)
Atmosphere
312(17)
Simple Computation of Atmospheric Transmittance
315(14)
Remote Sensing
329(14)
Infrared (Thermal) Remote Sensing
331(3)
Conditions for Thermal Surveys
334(3)
Air Surveys
337(1)
Problems
338(5)
PART II ACTIVE THERMOGRAPHY
Active Thermography
343(24)
Thermal Wave Theory
344(3)
Pulsed Thermography
347(5)
Pulsed Thermography Concepts
347(2)
Deployment
349(3)
Stepped Heating (Long Pulse)
352(3)
Lock-in Thermography
355(7)
Vibrothermography
362(5)
Problems
364(3)
Quantitative Data Analysis in Active Thermography
367(86)
Pulsed Thermography: Inverse Problem
367(10)
Practical Numerical Approach
367(7)
Normalized Variables
374(2)
Characterization of Defect Size
376(1)
Pulsed Thermography: Experimental Procedure for Data Analysis
377(23)
Thermal Contrast
377(2)
Logarithmic Time Scale
379(6)
Practical Computation of C(t), Cmax, tc_1/2max, tc_max, and tc_max1/2
385(4)
Defect Shape Extraction
389(9)
Quantitative Characterization Procedure
398(2)
Step Heating: Data Analysis
400(6)
Pulsed Phase Thermography: Data Analysis
406(22)
Principles and Features
406(5)
Particular Features of PPT
411(4)
Data Inversion
415(2)
Statistical Method
417(6)
Neural Network
423(1)
Wavelets
424(2)
Calibration for Lock-in Thermography
426(2)
Thermal Tomography
428(2)
Processing and Experiment for Nonplanar Surface Inspection
430(23)
Thermal Stimulation Background (Curved Objects)
434(1)
Point-Source Heating Correction
434(3)
Video Thermal Stereo Vision
437(1)
Direct Thermogram Correction
438(1)
Shape from Heating
439(9)
Problems
448(5)
PART III ACTIVE AND PASSIVE THERMOGRAPHY: CASE STUDIES
Applications
453(84)
Active Pulsed Thermography with External Thermal Stimulation
453(25)
Graphite-Epoxy Composites
454(5)
Aluminum Laminates
459(9)
Pulsed Thermography of Space Launch Vehicles
468(4)
Detection of Rolled-in Scale on Steel Sheets
472(6)
Active Pulsed Thermography with Internal Thermal Stimulation
478(17)
Cavitation Damage of Pipes
478(6)
Inspection of Jet Turbine Blades
484(11)
Lock-in Thermography and Pulsed Phase Thermography
495(1)
Passive Thermography
496(31)
Preventive Maintenance for Electrical Utilities
496(12)
Passive Thermography for the Construction Industry
508(14)
Temperature Measurement of Hot Steel Strip Mills
522(2)
Temperature Measurement of Glass (Bottles and Lamps)
524(1)
Thermal Inspection of High-Temperature Industrial Structures
525(2)
Evaluation of Material Thermal Diffusivity
527(10)
Classical Thermal Diffusivity Measurement Method
528(1)
Diffusivity Measurement Method Based on the Laplace Transform
529(2)
Diffusivity Measurement Method Based on Phase Measurement
531(3)
Problems
534(3)
References and Bibliography 537(82)
Appendix A---Computer Model 619(4)
Appendix B---Smoothing Routing 623(4)
Appendix C---Parabola Computations 627(2)
Appendix D---Higher-Order Gradient Computations Based on the Roberts Gradient 629(2)
Appendix E---Properties of Metals and Nonmetals 631(8)
Appendix F---Matlab M-Scripts Available 639(34)
Index 673

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