The St. Martin's Guide to Writing

by Rise B. Axelrod, Charles R. Cooper

• ISBN13: 9780312400521
• ISBN10: 0312400527
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Trade Book
• Copyright: 2004-03-03
• Publisher: Bedford/St. Martin's

Summary

In its sixth edition, The St. Martin's Guide to Writing continues to offer the most successful combination of critical reading and writing instruction available today -- now with a dynamic new look, Writing Guide software, and more.

Table of Contents

Preface	vii
Introduction	1	(24)
Why Writing is Important	1	(3)
Writing Influences the Ways We Think
Writing Contributes to the Ways We Learn
Writing Fosters Personal Development
Writing Connects Us to Others
Writing Promotes Success in College and at Work
How Writing Is Learned	4	(10)
Reading
Writing
Thinking Critically
Using this Book	14	(7)
The Part One Readings
The Part One Guides to Writing
Using the Writing Guide Software	21	(4)
PART ONE WRITING ACTIVITIES
Remembering Events	25	(3)
Writing in Your Other Courses
Writing in the Community
Writing in the Workplace
Practice Remembering an Event: A Collaborative Activity
READINGS	28	(25)
An American Childhood	28	(7)
Annie Dillard
On Being a Real Westerner	35	(4)
Tobias Wolff
100 Miles per Hour, Upside Down and Sideways	39	(5)
Rick Bragg
Calling Home	44	(5)
Jean Brandt
Purpose and Audience	49	(1)
Basic Features: Remembering Events	50	(3)
A Well-Told Story
A Vivid Presentation of Places and People
An Indication of the Event's Significance
GUIDE TO WRITING	53	(18)
The Writing Assignment	53	(1)
Invention	53	(6)
Finding an Event to Write About
Finding an Event to Write About: An Online Activity
Describing the Place
Recalling Key People
Sketching the Story
Testing Your Choice
Testing Your Choice: A Collaborative Activity
Exploring Memorabilia
Reflecting on the Event's Significance
Defining Your Purpose for Your Readers
Formulating a Tentative Thesis Statement
Planning And Drafting	59	(5)
Seeing What You Have
Setting Goals
Outlining
Drafting
Critical Reading Guide	64	(2)
Revising	66	(3)
Getting an Overview
Carrying Out Revisions
Editing and Proofreading	69	(2)
A WRITER AT WORK	71	(7)
From Invention to Draft to Revision	71	(6)
Invention
The First Draft
Designing Your Work	77	(1)
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED	78	(7)
Reflecting on Your Writing
Reviewing What You Learned from Reading
Considering the Social Dimensions of Essays about Remembered Events
Remembering People	83	(2)
Writing in Your Other Courses
Writing in the Community
Writing in the Workplace
Practice Remembering a Person: A Collaborative Activity
READINGS	85	(24)
Uncle Willie	86	(4)
Maya Angelou
Cherry	90	(7)
Mary Karr
A Different Kind of Mother	97	(4)
Amy Wu
Father	101	(4)
Jan Gray
Purpose And Audience	105	(1)
Basic Features: Remembering People	106	(3)
A Vivid Portrait
Revealing Anecdotes and Recurring Events
An Indication of the Person's Significance
GUIDE TO WRITING	109	(17)
The Writing Assignment	109	(1)
Invention	109	(6)
Finding a Person to Write About
Describing the Person
Testing Your Choice
Testing Your Choice: A Collaborative Activity
Exploring Memorabilia
Researching Remembered People: An Online Activity
Reflecting on the Person's Significance
Defining Your Purpose for Your Readers
Formulating a Tentative Thesis Statement
Planning and Drafting	115	(5)
Seeing What You Have
Setting Goals
Outlining
Drafting
Critical Reading Guide	120	(2)
Revising	122	(3)
Getting an Overview
Carrying Out Revisions
Editing and Proofreading	125	(1)
A WRITER AT WORK	126	(7)
Revising a Draft After a Critical Reading	126	(5)
The First Draft
Critical Comments
Designing your Work	131	(2)
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED	133	(7)
Reflecting on Your Writing
Reviewing What You Learned from Reading
Considering the Social Dimensions of Essays about Remembered People
Writing Profiles	137	(3)
Writing in Your Other Courses
Writing in the Community
Writing in the Workplace
Practice Choosing a Profile Subject: A Collaborative Activity
READINGS	140	(29)
I'm Not Leaving Until I Eat This Thing	140	(6)
John T. Edge
The Edison Cafe	146	(7)
Trevor B. Hall
The Daily Grind: Lessons in the Hidden Curriculum	153	(5)
Peggy Orenstein
The Last Stop	158	(6)
Brian Cable
Purpose and Audience	164	(1)
Basic Features: Profiles	165	(4)
Description of People and Places
Information about the Subject
A Topical or Narrative Plan
A Role for the Writer
A Perspective on the Subject
GUIDE TO WRITING	169	(21)
The Writing Assignment	169	(1)
Invention and Research	169	(8)
Finding a Subject to Write About
Exploring Your Preconceptions
Testing Your Choice: A Collaborative Activity
Planning Your Project
Researching Your Profile Subject: An Online Activity
Posing Some Preliminary Questions
Discovering a Perspective
Considering Your Own Role
Defining Your Purpose for Your Readers
Formulating a Tentative Thesis Statement
Considering Document Design
Planning and Drafting	177	(6)
Seeing What You Have
Setting Goals
Outlining
Drafting
Critical Reading Guide	183	(2)
Revising	185	(3)
Getting an Overview
Carrying Out Revisions
Editing and Proofreading	188	(2)
A WRITER AT WORK	190	(7)
The Interview Notes and Write-Up	190	(5)
The Interview Notes
The Interview Write-Up
Designing your Work	195	(2)
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED	197	(8)
Reflecting on Your Writing
Reviewing What You Learned from Reading
Considering the Social Dimensions of Profiles
Explaining a Concept	201	(4)
Writing in Your Other Courses
Writing in the Community
Writing in the Workplace
Practice Explaining a Concept: A Collaborative Activity
READINGS	205	(30)
Love: The Right Chemistry	205	(6)
Anastasia Toufexis
Shifting Baselines: Slow-Motion Disaster below the Waves	211	(5)
Randy Olson
Indirect Aggression	216	(7)
Natalie Angier
Cannibalism: It Still Exists	223	(7)
Linh Kieu Ngo
Purpose and Audience	230	(1)
Basic Features: Explaining Concepts	231	(4)
A Focused Concept
An Appeal to Readers' Interests
A Logical Plan
Clear Definitions
Appropriate Writing Strategies
Careful Use of Sources
GUIDE TO WRITING	235	(20)
The Writing Assignment	235	(1)
Invention and Research	235	(7)
Finding a Concept to Write About
Surveying Information about the Concept
Researching Concepts: An Online Activity
Focusing the Concept
Testing Your Choice
Testing Your Choice: A Collaborative Activity
Researching Your Topic Focus
Considering Explanatory Strategies
Considering Document Design
Defining Your Purpose for Your Readers
Formulating a Tentative Thesis Statement
Planning and Drafting	242	(5)
Seeing What You Have
Setting Goals
Outlining
Drafting
Critical Reading Guide	247	(2)
Revising	249	(4)
Getting an Overview
Carrying Out Revisions
Editing And Proofreading	253	(2)
A WRITER AT WORK	255	(2)
Selecting And Integrating Information From Sources	255	(1)
Designing Your Work	256	(1)
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED	257	(8)
Reflecting on Your Writing
Reviewing What You Learned from Reading
Considering the Social Dimensions of Concept Explanations
Arguing a Position	261	(4)
Writing in Your Other Courses
Writing in the Community
Writing in the Workplace
Practice Arguing a Position: A Collaborative Activity
READINGS	265	(32)
Sticks and Stones and Sports Team Names	265	(4)
Richard Estrada
Nickel and Dimed	269	(7)
Barbara Ehrenreich
Who's More Worthy?	276	(7)
Jonathan Rauch
Point of No Return	283	(4)
Stanley Kurtz
Children Need to Play, Not Compete	287	(6)
Jessica Statsky
Purpose and Audience	293	(1)
Basic Features: Arguing Positions	294	(3)
A Focused Presentation of the Issue
A Clear Position
Plausible Reasons and Convincing Support
Anticipating Opposing Positions and Objections
GUIDE TO WRITING	297	(22)
The Writing Assignment	297	(1)
Invention and Research	297	(8)
Finding an Issue to Write About
Exploring the Issue
Analyzing Potential Readers
Testing Your Choice
Testing Your Choice: A Collaborative Activity
Developing Your Argument
Anticipating Readers' Objections and Questions
Anticipating Opposing Positions
Researching Opposing Positions: An Online Activity
Considering Document Design
Defining Your Purpose for Your Readers
Formulating a Tentative Thesis Statement
Planning and Drafting	305	(7)
Seeing What You Have
Doing Further Research
Setting Goals
Outlining
Drafting
Critical Reading Guide	312	(1)
Revising	313	(4)
Getting an Overview
Carrying Out Revisions
Editing and Proofreading	317	(2)
A WRITER AT WORK	319	(3)
Anticipating Objections	319	(3)
Listing Reasons for the Opposing Position
Accommodating a Plausible Reason
Refuting an Implausible Reason
Designing your Work	322	(1)
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED	322	(11)
Reflecting on Your Writing
Reviewing What You Learned from Reading
Considering the Social Dimensions of Position Papers
Proposing a Solution	329	(4)
Writing in Your Other Courses
Writing in the Community
Writing in the Workplace
Practice Proposing a Solution to a Problem: A Collaborative Activity
READINGS	333	(30)
A Global Green Deal	333	(6)
Mark Hertsgaard
Boston's Priest-Pedophile Crisis	339	(5)
Mary Jo Bane
Dead-End Jobs: A Way Out	344	(8)
Katherine S. Newman
More Testing, More Learning	352	(7)
Patrick O'Malley
Purpose and Audience	359	(1)
Basic Features: Proposing Solutions	360	(3)
A Well-Defined Problem
An Clearly Described Solution
A Convincing Argument in Support of the Proposed Solution
An Anticipation of Readers' Objections and Questions
An Evaluation of Alternative Solutions
GUIDE TO WRITING	363	(21)
The Writing Assignment	363	(1)
Invention and Research	363	(8)
Finding a Problem to Write About
Analyzing and Defining the Problem
Identifying Your Readers
Finding a Tentative Solution
Defending Your Solution
Testing Your Choice
Testing Your Choice: A Collaborative Activity
Offering Reasons for Your Proposal
Considering Alternative Solutions
Researching Alternative Solutions: An Online Activity
Doing Research
Considering Document Design
Defining Your Purpose for Your Readers
Formulating a Tentative Thesis Statement
Planning and Drafting	371	(6)
Seeing What You Have
Setting Goals
Outlining
Drafting
Critical Reading Guide	377	(2)
Revising	379	(3)
Getting an Overview
Carrying Out Revisions
Editing and Proofreading	382	(2)
A WRITER AT WORK	384	(3)
Strengthening the Argument	384	(2)
Designing your Work	386	(1)
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED	387	(7)
Reflecting on Your Writing
Reviewing What You Learned from Reading
Considering the Social Dimensions of Essays Proposing Solutions
Justifying an Evaluation	391	(3)
Writing in Your Other Courses
Writing in the Community
Writing in the Workplace
Practice Evaluating a Subject: A Collaborative Activity
READINGS	394	(27)
A Hell for Fathers and Sons	394	(6)
Stephen Holden
The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind	400	(6)
Jonah Jackson
Working at McDonald's	406	(5)
Amitai Etzioni
``Children Need to Play, Not Compete,'' by Jessica Statsky: An Evaluation	411	(6)
Christine Romano
Purpose and Audience	417	(1)
Basic Features: Evaluations	418	(3)
A Well-Presented Subject
A Clear Overall Judgment
Appropriate Reasons and Convincing Support
Anticipation of Readers' Objections and Alternative Judgments
GUIDE TO WRITING	421	(20)
The Writing Assignment	421	(1)
Invention and Research	421	(7)
Finding a Subject to Write About
Exploring Your Subject and Possible Readers
Testing Your Choice
Testing Your Choice: A Collaborative Activity
Becoming an Expert on Your Subject
Developing Your Evaluation
Researching Alternative Judgments: An Online Activity
Considering Document Design
Defining Your Purpose for Your Readers
Formulating a Tentative Thesis Statement
Planning and Drafting	428	(5)
Seeing What You Have
Setting Goals
Outlining
Drafting
Critical Reading Guide	433	(3)
Revising	436	(3)
Getting an Overview
Carrying Out Revisions
Editing and Proofreading	439	(2)
A WRITER AT WORK	441	(4)
Anticipating Readers' Objections and Questions	441	(2)
Designing your Work	443	(2)
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED	445	(7)
Reflecting on Your Writing
Reviewing What You Learned from Reading
Considering the Social Dimensions of Evaluations
Speculating about Causes	449	(3)
Writing in Your Other Courses
Writing in the Community
Writing in the Workplace
Practice Speculating about Causes: A Collaborative Activity
READINGS	452	(25)
Why We Crave Horror Movies	453	(3)
Stephen King
The Triumph of Hope over Self-Interest	456	(5)
David Brooks
Why Boys Become Depressed	461	(5)
William S. Pollack
The Rise of Reported Incidents of Workplace Sexual Harassment	466	(6)
Sarah West
Purpose and Audience	472	(2)
Basic Features: Speculating About Causes	474	(3)
A Presentation of the Subject
Plausible Causes
A Logical Sequence of Causes
Convincing Support
A Consideration of Readers' Objections and Alternative Causes
GUIDE TO WRITING	477	(21)
The Writing Assignment	477	(1)
Invention and Research	477	(9)
Finding a Subject to Write About
Exploring What You Know about Your Subject
Considering Causes
Researching Your Subject
Researching the Phenomenon or Trend: An Online Activity
Considering Your Readers
Testing Your Choice
Testing Your Choice: A Collaborative Activity
Researching Causes
Developing Your Argument
Anticipating Objections
Anticipating Alternative Causes
Considering Document Design
Defining Your Purpose for Your Readers
Formulating a Tentative Thesis Statement
Planning and Drafting	486	(6)
Seeing What You Have
Setting Goals
Outlining
Drafting
Critical Reading Guide	492	(2)
Revising	494	(3)
Getting an Overview
Carrying Out Revisions
Editing and Proofreading	497	(1)
A WRITER AT WORK	498	(5)
Analyzing Causes	498	(3)
Designing Your Work	501	(2)
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED	503	(6)
Reflecting on Your Writing
Reviewing What You Learned from Reading
Considering the Social Dimensions of Causal Speculation
Interpreting Stories	507	(2)
Practice Interpreting a Story: A Collaborative Activity
AN ANTHOLOGY OF SHORT STORIES	509	(21)
The Story of an Hour	509	(2)
Kate Chopin
Sunday in the Park	511	(3)
Bel Kaufman
The Use of Force	514	(3)
William Carlos Williams
My Father's Chinese Wives	517	(9)
Sandra Tsing Loh
Araby	526	(4)
James Joyce
READINGS	530	(11)
Gazing into the Darkness	531	(3)
Sally Crane
From Innocence to Insight: ``Araby'' as an Initiation Story	534	(3)
David Ratinov
Purpose and Audience	537	(1)
Basic Features: Interpreting Stories	538	(3)
An Appropriately Presented Subject
An Interesting and Clearly Stated Interpretation
A Plausible Chain of Reasons with Convincing Support
GUIDE TO WRITING	541	(19)
The Writing Assignment	541	(1)
Invention and Research	541	(8)
Choosing a Story to Write About
Finding a Story: An Online Activity
Analyzing the Story
Writing to Explore Your Annotations
Formulating a Tentative Thesis Statement
Testing Your Choice
Testing Your Choice: A Collaborative Activity
Revising the Thesis Statement
Finding Additional Support
Planning and Drafting	549	(4)
Seeing What You Have
Setting Goals
Outlining
Drafting
Critical Reading Guide	553	(1)
Revising	554	(3)
Getting an Overview
Carrying Out Revisions
Editing and Proofreading	557	(3)
A WRITER AT WORK	560	(3)
Using the Suggestions for Interpreting to Analyze A Story	560	(3)
Annotating
Exploratory Writing
Listing Ideas for the Thesis
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED	563
Reflecting on Your Writing
Reviewing What You Learned from Reading
Considering the Social Dimensions of Essays Interpreting Stories
PART TWO CRITICAL THINKING STRATEGIES
A Catalog of Invention Strategies	569	(14)
Mapping	570	(5)
Clustering
Listing
Outlining
Writing	575	(8)
Cubing
Dialoguing
Dramatizing
Keeping a Journal
Looping
Questioning
Quick Drafting
A Catalog of Reading Strategies	583	(28)
Annotating	584	(1)
An Annotated Sample from ``Letter from Birmingham Jail''	585	(6)
Martin Luther King Jr.
Taking Inventory	591	(1)
Outlining	592	(3)
Paraphrasing	595	(1)
Summarizing	596	(2)
Synthesizing	598	(1)
Contextualizing	599	(1)
Exploring the Significance of Figurative Language	600	(2)
Looking for Patterns of Opposition	602	(1)
Reflecting on Challenges to your Beliefs and Values	603	(1)
Evaluating The Logic of an Argument	604	(2)
Testing for Appropriateness
Testing for Believability
Testing for Consistency and Completeness
Recognizing Emotional Manipulation	606	(1)
Judging The Writer's Credibility	607	(4)
Testing for Knowledge
Testing for Common Ground
Testing for Fairness
PART THREE WRITING STRATEGIES
Cueing the Reader	611	(16)
Orienting Statements	611	(2)
Thesis Statements
Forecasting Statements
Paragraphing	613	(4)
Paragraph Cues
Topic Sentence Strategies
Cohesive Devices	617	(4)
Pronoun Reference
Word Repetition
Synonyms
Sentence Structure Repetition
Collocation
Connectives	621	(2)
Logical Relationships
Temporal Relationships
Spatial Relationships
Headings and Subheadings	623	(4)
Heading Systems and Levels
Headings and Genres
Frequency and Placement of Headings
Narrating	627	(16)
Narrating Strategies	627	(9)
Calendar and Clock Time
Temporal Transitions
Verb Tense
Specific Narrative Action
Dialogue
Narrating a Process	636	(7)
Explanatory Process Narratives
Instructional Process Narratives
Describing	643	(12)
Naming	643	(2)
Detailing	645	(2)
Comparing	647	(1)
Using Sensory Description	648	(5)
The Sense of Sight
The Sense of Hearing
The Sense of Smell
The Sense of Touch
The Sense of Taste
Creating a Dominant Impression	653	(2)
Defining	655	(8)
Sentence Definitions	656	(1)
Extended Definitions	657	(3)
Historical Definitions	660	(1)
Stipulative Definitions	661	(2)
Classifying	663	(8)
Organizing Classification	663	(3)
Illustrating Classification	666	(2)
Maintaining Clarity and Coherence	668	(3)
Comparing and Contrasting	671	(6)
Two Ways of Comparing and Contrasting	671	(4)
Analogy	675	(2)
Arguing	677	(18)
Asserting A Thesis	677	(4)
Arguable Assertions
Clear and Precise Wording
Appropriate Qualification
Giving Reasons and Support	681	(7)
Examples
Statistics
Authorities
Anecdotes
Textual Evidence
Counterarguing	688	(3)
Acknowledging Readers' Concerns
Accommodating Readers' Concerns
Refuting Readers' Objections
Logical Fallacies	691	(4)
PART FOUR RESEARCH STRATEGIES
Field Research	695	(14)
Observations	695	(4)
Planning the Visit
Observing and Taking Notes
Reflecting on Your Observations
Writing Up Your Notes
Preparing for Follow-Up Visits
Interviews	699	(4)
Planning and Setting Up the Interview
Taking Notes during the Interview
Reflecting on the Interview
Writing Up Your Notes
Questionnaires	703	(6)
Focusing Your Study
Writing Questions
Designing the Questionnaire
Testing the Questionnaire
Administering the Questionnaire
Writing Up the Results
Library and Internet Research	709	(38)
Integrating Library and Internet Research	709	(1)
Orienting Yourself to the Library	710	(2)
Taking a Tour
Consulting a Librarian
Knowing Your Research Task
A Library Search Strategy	712	(1)
Keeping Track of Your Research	712	(4)
Keeping a Working Bibliography
Taking Notes
Getting Started	716	(3)
Consulting Encyclopedias
Consulting Disciplinary Guides
Consulting Bibliographies
Identifying Subject Headings and Keywords	719	(3)
Determining the Most Promising Sources
Searching Online Library Catalogs and Databases	722	(4)
Using Different Search Techniques
Doing Advanced Searches and Using Boolean Operators
Using Truncation
Locating Sources	726	(11)
Finding Books
Finding Periodical Articles
Distinguishing Scholarly Journals and Popular Magazines
Selecting an Appropriate Periodical Index or Abstract
Searching Electronic Periodical Databases
Locating Periodicals in the Library
Finding Newspaper Articles and Other News Sources
Finding Government and Statistical Information
Finding Other Library Sources
Using the Internet for Research	737	(2)
Navigating The Web	739	(2)
Understanding Home Pages
Using Links
Understanding URLs
Creating Bookmarks
Using Search Tools	741	(2)
Using Email and Online Communities for Research	743	(1)
Reading Sources with a Critical Eye	744	(3)
Selecting Relevant Sources
Identifying Bias
Using and Acknowledging Sources	747	(46)
Using Sources	747	(9)
Deciding Whether to Quote, Paraphrase, or Summarize
Quoting
Integrating Quotations
Introducing Quotations
Punctuating within Quotations
Avoiding Grammatical Tangles
Paraphrasing and Summarizing
Acknowledging Sources	756	(25)
Avoiding Plagiarism
Understanding Documentation Styles
The MLA System of Documentation
The APA System of Documentation
Some Sample Research Papers	781	(1)
An Annotated Research Paper	781	(12)
PART FIVE WRITING FOR ASSESSMENT
Essay Examinations	793	(20)
Preparing for an Exam	794	(1)
Reading the Exam Carefully	794	(1)
Some Typical Essay Exam Questions	795	(8)
Define or Identify
Recall Details of a Specific Source
Explain the Importance or Significance
Apply Concepts
Comment on a Quotation
Compare and Contrast
Synthesize Information from Various Sources
Analyze Causes
Criticize or Evaluate
Planning your Answer	803	(1)
Writing your Answer	804	(1)
Model Answers to Some Typical Essay Exam Questions	805	(8)
Short Answers
Paragraph-Length Answers
Long Answers
Writing Portfolios	813	(8)
The Purposes of a Writing Portfolio	813	(1)
Assembling a Portfolio for your Composition Course	814	(7)
Selecting Work
Reflecting on Your Work and Your Learning
Organizing the Portfolio
PART SIX WRITING AND SPEAKING TO WIDER AUDIENCES
Designing Documents	821	(26)
Elements of Document Design	821	(11)
Typography
Visuals
White Space
Designing Page Layout	832	(1)
Considering the Context in Which Your Document Will Be Read
Analyzing the Context in Which Your Document Will Be Read
Sample Documents	833	(14)
Memos
Letters
Email
Resumes
Job-Application
Letters
Lab Reports
Electronic Documents: Web Pages
Oral Presentations	847	(6)
Be Ready
Understand the Kind of Oral Presentation You Have Been Asked to Give
Assess Your Audience and Purpose
Determine How Much Information You Can Present in the Allotted Time
Use Cues to Orient Listeners
Prepare Effective and Appropriate Visuals
Verify That You Will Have the Correct Equipment and Supplies
Rehearse Your Presentation
Deliver the Oral Presentation Professionally
End Your Presentation Graciously
Working with Others	853	(6)
Working with Others on your Individual Writing Projects	853	(2)
Working with Others on Joint Writing Projects	855	(4)
Writing in Your Community	859
Using your Service Experience as Source Material	860
Finding a Topic
Gathering Sources
Writing about Your Service Experience
Writing for Your Service Organization
HANDBOOK
S Sentence Boundaries	6	(6)
S1 Comma Splices
S2 Fused Sentences
S3 Sentence Fragments
G Grammatical Sentences	12	(19)
G1 Pronoun Reference
G2 Pronoun Agreement
G3 Relative Pronouns
G4 Pronoun Case
G5 Verbs
G6 Subject-Verb Agreement
G7 Adjectives and Adverbs
E Effective Sentences	31	(17)
E1 Missing Words
E2 Shifts
E3 Noun Agreement
E4 Modifiers
E5 Mixed Constructions
E6 Integrated Quotations, Questions, and Thoughts
E7 Parallelism
E8 Coordination and Subordination
W Word Choice	48	(10)
W1 Concise Sentences
W2 Exact Words
W3 Appropriate Words
P Punctuation	58	(28)
P1 Commas
P2 Unnecessary Commas
P3 Semicolons
P4 Colons
P5 Dashes
P6 Quotation Marks
P7 Apostrophes
P8 Parentheses
P9 Brackets
P10 Ellipsis Marks
P11 Slashes
P12 Periods
P13 Question Marks
P14 Exclamation Points
M Mechanics	86	(19)
M1 Hyphens
M2 Capitalization
M3 Spacing
M4 Numbers
M5 Underlining (Italics)
M6 Abbreviations
M7 Titles and Headings
M8 Special Design Features
M9 Spelling
L ESL Troublespots	105	(11)
L1 Articles
L2 Verbs
L3 Prepositions
L4 Omitted or Repeated Words
L5 Adjective Order
L6 Participles
R Review of Sentence Structure	116	(17)
R1 Basic Sentence Structure
R2 Basic Sentence Elements
GL Glossary of Frequently Misused Words	133
User's Guide	1	(1)
Author and Title Index	1	(4)
Subject Index	5	(20)
Index for ESL Writers	25