Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences

by Gravetter, Frederick J; Wallnau, Larry B.

• ISBN13: 9780534359263
• ISBN10: 0534359264
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-08-02
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Master statistics with STATISTICS FOR THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES! With straightforward instruction, built-in learning aids, and real world examples, this psychology text provides you with the tools you need to succeed. You will have numerous opportunities to practice statistical techniques through learning checks, examples, demonstrations, and problems. Exam preparation is made easy with a student companion website that provides tutorials, crossword puzzles, flashcards, learning objectives, and more!

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
PART ONE INTRODUCTION AND DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS	1	(147)
Introduction to Statistics	3	(36)
Statistics, Science, and Observations	5	(1)
Populations and Samples	6	(6)
The Scientific Method and the Design of Research Studies	12	(10)
Scales of Measurement	22	(3)
Discrete and Continuous Variables	25	(2)
Statistical Notation	27	(5)
Summary	32	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	33	(1)
Demonstration 1.1 and 1.2	33	(3)
Problems	36	(3)
Frequency Distributions	39	(35)
Overview	41	(1)
Frequency Distribution Tables	41	(7)
Frequency Distribution Graphs	48	(5)
The Shape of a Frequency Distribution	53	(2)
Percentiles, Percentile Ranks, and Interpolation	55	(7)
Stem and Leaf Displays	62	(3)
Summary	65	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	66	(1)
Demonstration 2.1 and 2.2	67	(2)
Problems	69	(5)
Central Tendency	74	(37)
Overview	75	(2)
The Mean	77	(10)
The Median	87	(5)
The Mode	92	(3)
Selecting a Measure of Central Tendency	95	(7)
Central Tendency and the Shape of the Distribution	102	(2)
Summary	104	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	105	(1)
Demonstrations 3.1 and 3.2	106	(1)
Problems	107	(4)
Variability	111	(37)
Overview	112	(1)
The Range	113	(2)
The Interquartile Range and Semi-Intequartile Range	115	(2)
Standard Deviation and Variance for a Population	117	(8)
Standard Deviation and Variance for Samples	125	(7)
Properties of the Standard Deviation	132	(3)
Comparing Measures of Variability	135	(2)
The Role of Variability in Descriptive and Inferential Statistics	137	(3)
Summary	140	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	141	(1)
Demonstration 4.1	142	(1)
Problems	143	(5)
PART TWO FOUNDATIONS OF INFERENTIAL STATISTICS	148	(90)
z-Scores: Location of Scores and Standardized Distributions	150	(22)
Introduction to z-Scores	151	(2)
z-Scores and Location in a Distribution	153	(5)
Using z-Scores to Standardize a Distribution	158	(5)
Other Standardized Distributions Based on z-Scores	163	(3)
Summary	166	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	167	(1)
Demonstrations 5.1 and 5.2	167	(2)
Problems	169	(3)
Probability	172	(40)
Overview	173	(1)
Introduction to Probability	174	(6)
Probability and the Normal Distribution	180	(13)
Percentiles and Percentile Ranks	193	(5)
Probability and the Binomial Distribution	198	(6)
Summary	204	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	205	(1)
Demonstrations 6.1 and 6.2	206	(3)
Problems	209	(3)
Probability and Samples: The Distribution of Sample Means	212	(26)
Overview	213	(1)
The Distribution of Sample Means	214	(6)
Probability and the Distribution of Sample Means	220	(4)
More About Standard Error	224	(7)
Summary	231	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	232	(1)
Demonstration 7.1	233	(1)
Problems	234	(4)
PART THREE INFERENCES ABOUT MEANUS AND MEAN DIFFERENCES	238	(284)
Introduction to Hypothesis Testing	242	(43)
The Logic of Hypothesis Testing	243	(10)
Uncertainty and Errors in Hypothesis Testing	253	(4)
An Example of a Hypothesis Test	257	(7)
Directional (One-Tailed) Hypothesis Tests	264	(5)
The General Elements of Hypothesis Testing: A Review	269	(8)
Summary	277	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	278	(1)
Demonstration 8.1	279	(2)
Problems	281	(4)
Introduction to the t Statistic	285	(25)
Overview	286	(1)
The t Statistic---A Substitute for z	287	(6)
Hypothesis Tests with the t Statistic	293	(11)
Summary	304	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	304	(1)
Demonstration 9.1	305	(2)
Problems	307	(3)
Hypothesis Tests with Two Independent Samples	310	(28)
Overview	311	(2)
The t Statistic for an Independent-Measures Research Design	313	(6)
Hypothesis Tests with the Independent-Measures t Statistic	319	(9)
Assumptions Underlying the Independent-Measures t Formula	328	(2)
Summary	330	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	330	(1)
Demonstration 10.1	331	(2)
Problems	333	(5)
Hypothesis Tests with Related Samples	338	(27)
Overview	339	(2)
The t Statistic for Related Samples	341	(4)
Hypothesis Tests for the Repeated-Measures Design	345	(5)
Hypothesis Testing with a Matched-Subjects Design	350	(2)
Uses and Assumptions for Related-Samples t Tests	352	(4)
Summary	356	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	356	(1)
Demonstration 11.1	357	(2)
Problems	359	(6)
Estimation	365	(30)
An Overview of Estimation	366	(6)
Estimation with the z-Score	372	(6)
Estimation with the t Statistic	378	(6)
Factors Affecting the Width of a Confidence Interval	384	(3)
Summary	387	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	388	(1)
Demonstrations 12.1 and 12.2	388	(4)
Problems	392	(3)
Introduction to Analysis of Variance	395	(47)
Introduction	397	(4)
The Logic of Analysis of Variance	401	(4)
ANOVA Vocabulary, Notation, and Formulas	405	(8)
The Distribution of F-Ratios	413	(2)
Examples of Hypothesis Testing with ANOVA	415	(10)
Post Hoc Tests	425	(4)
The Relationship Between ANOVA and t Tests	429	(2)
Summary	431	(2)
Focus on Problem Solving	433	(1)
Demonstration 13.1	434	(3)
Problems	437	(5)
Repeated-Measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)	442	(34)
Overview	443	(6)
Notation and Formulas for Repeated-Measures ANOVA	449	(9)
Testing Hypothesis with the Repeated-Measures ANOVA	458	(4)
Advantages of the Repeated-Measures Design	462	(2)
Assumptions of the Repeated-Measures ANOVA	464	(2)
Summary	466	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	467	(1)
Demonstration 14.1	468	(3)
Problems	471	(5)
Two-Factor Analysis of Variance (Independent Measures)	476	(46)
Overview	478	(1)
Main Effects and Interactions	479	(9)
Notation and Formulas	488	(7)
Examples of the Two-Factor ANOVA	495	(12)
Assumptions for the Two-Factor ANOVA	507	(1)
Summary	507	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	508	(1)
Demonstration 15.1	509	(6)
Problems	515	(7)
PART FOUR CORRELATIONS AND NONPARAMETRIC TESTS	522	(145)
Correlation and Regression	525	(56)
Overview	526	(5)
The Pearson Correlation	531	(5)
Understanding and Interpreting the Pearson Correlation	536	(4)
Hypothesis Tests with the Pearson Correlation	540	(5)
The Spearman Correlation	545	(7)
Other Measures of Relationship	552	(4)
Introduction to Regression	556	(12)
Summary	568	(2)
Focus on Problem Solving	570	(1)
Demonstration 16.1 and 16.2	571	(3)
Problems	574	(7)
The Chi-Square Statistic: Tests for Goodness of Fit and Independence	581	(38)
Parametric and Non-Parametric Statistical Tests	582	(1)
The Chi-Square Test for Goodness of Fit	583	(11)
The Chi-Square Test for Independence	594	(10)
Assumptions and Restrictions for Chi-Square Tests	604	(1)
Special Applications of the Chi-Square Tests	605	(4)
Summary	609	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	610	(1)
Demonstration 17.1	611	(2)
Problems	613	(6)
The Binomial Test	619	(17)
Overview	620	(3)
The Binomial Test	623	(3)
The Relation Between Chi-Square and the Binomial Test	626	(1)
The Sign Test	627	(4)
Summary	631	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	631	(1)
Demonstration 18.1	632	(1)
Problems	633	(3)
Statistical Techniques for Ordinal Data: Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon, and Kurosaki-Wallis Tests	636	(31)
Data From An Ordinal Scale	638	(2)
The Mann-Whitney U-Test	640	(8)
The Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test	648	(5)
The Kruskal-Wallis Test	653	(3)
Summary	656	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	657	(1)
Demonstrations 19.1, 19.2, and 19.3	657	(4)
Problems	661	(6)
APPENDIX A BASIC MATHEMATICS REVIEW	667	(23)
A.1 Symbols and Notation	669	(2)
A.2 Proportions: Fractions, Decimals, and Percentage	677	(8)
A.4 Basic Algebra: Solving Equations	679	(3)
A.5 Exponents and Square Roots	682	(8)
APPENDIX B STATISTICAL TABLES	690	(15)
APPENDIX C SOLUTIONS FOR ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS IN THE TEXT	705	(22)
Statistics Organizer	727	(15)
References	742	(3)
Index	745