Teaching and Learning with Technology (with Skill Builders CD)

by Lever-Duffy, Judy; McDonald, Jean B.; Mizell, Al P.

• ISBN13: 9780205430482
• ISBN10: 0205430481
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

---EXAM COPY VERSION--- ";This book has all the potential of becoming a classic for teaching how to integrate technology into the curriculum."; Laura E. Sujo de Montes-Northern Arizona University ";A book that is ostensibly about instructional technology but is more deeply about the nature of the educational enterprise and the role technology can play in support of learning for all."; Excerpt from the Forward by David Thornburg Written by teachers for teachers, this text offers a clear and current look at educational technology within a framework of teaching and learning to help pre-service and in-service teachers explore, evaluate and effectively integrate the full range of instructional technologies in their classrooms. New To This Edition NEW! Every copy of the text comes with a FREE student CD-ROM. The CD contains beautifully illustrated, hands-on activities that build students' skills in using popular software applications and in understanding hardware. The new CD now includes a trial version of Inspiration. NEW! ";On CD"; icons included throughout each chapter. These icons integrate the information and activities found on the student CD-ROM with each chapter's content. NEW! ISTE standards listed at the beginning of each chapter. These chapter openers indicate how chapter content matches specific NETS-T standards. NEW! Problem-Based Learning section features three realistic critical-thinking scenarios to help students apply the educational technology concepts they acquire to the resolution of problems they might encounter when they teach. NEW! Interchapters found after Chapters 2, 4, 8, 10, and 12. The interchapters synthesize chapter content and present concise overviews of key technology topics in a dynamic, full color format. Many interchapters also include related activities and resources for students. NEW! Checklist for evaluating and purchasing technology (interchapter II). This technology buying guide provides structure and insight to help teachers and school leaders make informed decisions on purchasing hardware for their classrooms. NEW! Updated and revised for new and emerging technologies throughout the text. Updated for technological advances, this edition includes descriptions and applications of wireless connectivity, trends in computing, the use of handhelds and Tablet PCs in the classroom, innovative applications of software programs for the classroom, and a discussion of where educational technology is headed in the future. Package this text with MyLabSchool-a powerful set of online tools that bring the classroom to life! With real video footage of teachers and students interacting, an interactive system for collecting observations, and a seamlessly integrated suite of tools for lesson planning, portfolio development, and standards integration from TaskStream, you'll get a clear sense of what being in a real classroom is like! Visit www.mylabschool.com for more information! ---STUDENT VERSION--- MyLabSchool-a powerful set of online tools that bring the classroom to life! With real video footage of teachers and students interacting, an interactive system for collecting observations, and a

Table of Contents

CD and Web Resources	xix
Foreword	xxv
David Thornburg
Preface	xxvii
PART I Technologies for Teaching and Learning	1	(70)
Theoretical Foundations	2	(30)
Real People, Real Stories	4	(1)
What Is Educational Technology?	4	(1)
Why Study Educational Technology?	5	(2)
Teaching and Learning: A Closer Look at the Instructional Event	7	(3)
What Is Learning?	7	(1)
How Do We Learn?	7	(3)
Learning as Communication: A Framework for Exploring Teaching and Learning	10	(4)
In the Classroom: Filters Change the Message	12	(2)
Perspectives of Learning	14	(2)
The Behavorist Perspective	14	(1)
Spotlight On B. F. Skinner	14	(1)
Spotlight On Jean Piaget	15	(1)
The Cognitivist Perspective	15	(1)
The Constructivist Perspective	15	(1)
Toward an Integrated View of Learning	16	(1)
A View of the Learner	17	(5)
Cognitive Styles	18	(1)
Spotlight On Myers and Briggs	18	(1)
Learning Styles	19	(1)
Intelligence	19	(3)
Spotlight On Howard Gardner	22	(1)
A View of the Teacher	22	(1)
Toward a Holistic View of Teaching, Learning, and Technology	23	(4)
Why Use Technology?	23	(1)
Educational Technology: The Past	24	(1)
Educational Technology: A Modern View	25	(2)
Teaching, Learning, and Educational Technology: A Personal Synthesis	27	(1)
Key Terms	28	(1)
Key Theorists	28	(1)
Chapter Review	28	(1)
What Do You Think?	29	(1)
Learning Together!	29	(1)
Hands-On!	30	(1)
Real People, Real Stories	30	(2)
Designing and Planning Technology-Enhanced Instruction	32	(39)
Real People, Real Stories	34	(1)
Building an Effective Learning Environment	35	(2)
Spotlight On Dunn and Dunn	36	(1)
Using an Instructional Planning System	37	(1)
The Design Phase	37	(1)
The Dynamic Instructional Design Model	38	(14)
Step 1: Know the Learners	40	(2)
Step 2: State Your Objectives	42	(1)
Connecting Theory to Practice: How to Know the Learner	43	(3)
Step 3: Establish the Learning Environment	46	(1)
Learning Environment Rubric	47	(1)
Connecting Theory to Practice: Targeting Learning with Performance-Based Objectives	48	(1)
Step 4: Identify Teaching and Learning Strategies	48	(2)
Connecting Theory to Practice: Environmental Factors That Nurture Learning	50	(1)
Step 5: Identify and Select Technologies	50	(1)
Step 6: Make a Summative Evaluation	51	(1)
In the Classroom: Effective Learning Environments	52	(1)
Using the DID Model to Plan Instruction	52	(1)
Creating Lesson Plans from the DID Model	53	(5)
Lesson Planning	54	(1)
Readying the Learners	54	(2)
Targeting Specific Objectives	56	(1)
Preparing the Lesson	56	(2)
The Lesson Planner: Practical Application of the DID Model	58	(1)
Instructional Action Planning	58	(2)
The Instructional Action Planner: Getting Ready to Teach	60	(2)
Linking Planning, Teaching, Learning, and Technology	62	(2)
Design	62	(1)
Plan	63	(1)
Act	63	(1)
Planning for Technology in Teaching and Learning	63	(1)
Key Terms	64	(1)
Key Theorists	64	(1)
Chapter Review	64	(1)
What Do You Think?	64	(1)
Learning Together!	65	(1)
Hands-On!	65	(1)
Real People, Real Stories	66	(2)
Special Topic: The Evolution of Educational Technology	68	(3)
PART II Applying Technologies for Effective Instruction	71	(270)
Personal Computers in the Learning Environment	72	(30)
Real People, Real Stories	74	(1)
Computers, Teaching, and You	75	(1)
How Does a Computer Work?	76	(1)
What Do I Need to Know about Software?	76	(6)
What Do I Need to Know about Hardware?	82	(5)
Input Devices	82	(2)
Output Devices	84	(3)
The System Unit	87	(1)
Storage	87	(10)
Hard Disks	88	(2)
Floppy Disks	90	(3)
In the Classroom: Creative Teaching with Computers	93	(1)
Removable Hard Disks	93	(1)
Connecting Theory to Practice: Hand in Hand: E-Portfolios and Authentic Assessment	94	(1)
CD-ROMs	94	(1)
CD-Rs and CD-RWs	95	(1)
DVDs	96	(1)
Educational Computing	97	(2)
Hardware Evaluation Rubric	98	(1)
Key Terms	99	(1)
Chapter Review	99	(1)
What Do You Think?	100	(1)
Learning Together!	100	(1)
Hands-On!	100	(1)
Real People, Real Stories	101	(1)
Digital Technologies in the Classroom	102	(30)
Real People, Real Stories	104	(1)
Digital Technologies in the Classroom	105	(1)
What Input Devices Are Helpful to Teachers and Learners?	105	(11)
Scanners	105	(2)
In the Classroom: Using a Scanner-Net Worth: 1000 Words	107	(1)
Digital Cameras	107	(2)
In the Classroom: In the Eyes of the Beholder: Digital Cameras and Teaching	109	(1)
Graphics Tablets	110	(1)
In the Classroom: Hand in Hand: Teaching with Handheld Computers	111	(1)
Sound Input Devices	111	(1)
Pen Input Devices	112	(1)
Touch Screens	113	(1)
Video-to-Digital Input	113	(1)
In the Classroom: Touch Screen Technologies	114	(1)
Electronic Whiteboards	115	(1)
In the Classroom: Smart Whiteboards	115	(1)
What Output Devices Are Helpful to Teachers and Learners?	116	(4)
Data Projection Units	116	(1)
LCD Projection Panels	117	(1)
Data Projectors	117	(1)
Scan Converters	117	(1)
In the Classroom: The Whole Is Greater than the Parts	118	(1)
Speakers and Headphones	118	(1)
In the Classroom: The Second ``R'' and the Special Needs Student	119	(1)
Emerging Digital Technologies for the Classroom	120	(3)
Wireless Devices	120	(1)
Handheld Computers	121	(1)
E-books	121	(1)
Voice-Activated Devices	122	(1)
Portable Storage	122	(1)
Computer System Enhancements	123	(1)
Microprocessors	123	(1)
Storage and Memory	123	(1)
Virtual Environments	123	(1)
From Hardware to Software	124	(2)
Classroom Equipment Evaluation Rubric	125	(1)
Key Terms	126	(1)
Chapter Review	127	(1)
What Do You Think?	127	(1)
Learning Together!	127	(1)
Hands-On!	128	(1)
Real People, Real Stories	128	(2)
Special Topic: Teacher's Buying Guide for Classroom Computers and Peripherals	130	(2)
Administrative Software	132	(38)
Real People, Real Stories	134	(1)
What Do Educators Need to Know about Software?	135	(2)
Evaluating and Using Productivity Software	137	(20)
Word Processors	139	(1)
Document Preparation and Editing	140	(1)
Desktop Publishing	141	(1)
Archiving and Printing	141	(1)
In the Classroom: The Business of Writing	142	(1)
Ready-Made Word-Processing Tools	142	(1)
Issues in Teaching and Technology: Why Can't I Use the Word Processor I Already Know?	143	(1)
Word Processors in the Classroom	144	(1)
Electronic Spreadsheets	144	(2)
Spreadsheet Organization	146	(1)
Formulas and Functions	146	(1)
What-If Analysis	147	(1)
Charts and Graphs	147	(1)
Templates and Macros	147	(1)
Electronic Spreadsheets in the Classroom	147	(1)
In the Classroom: Excel-lent Teaching with Spreadsheets	148	(1)
Database Management Software	148	(2)
Database Organization	150	(1)
Sorting	151	(1)
Querying	152	(1)
Reports	152	(1)
Database Management in the Classroom	152	(1)
Presentation Software	152	(1)
In the Classroom: Databases in Action	153	(1)
Multimedia Elements	153	(1)
Wizards and Templates	153	(1)
Resource Libraries	153	(1)
Hyperlinks	154	(1)
Animation	154	(1)
Printing	154	(1)
Display Options	154	(1)
Presentation Software in the Classroom	154	(2)
In the Classroom: Pointing the Way: Presentation Technology	156	(1)
Integrated Productivity Packages	156	(1)
Evaluating and Using School and Classroom Management Support Software	157	(6)
Productivity Software Evaluation Rubric	158	(2)
Portfolio Assessment Software	160	(1)
Organization by Standards and Competencies	161	(1)
Observations	162	(1)
Multimedia Samples	162	(1)
Customization	163	(1)
Hyperlinks	163
Evaluating and Selecting Support Software	160	(3)
Software, Teaching, and Learning: A Practical Approach	163	(3)
Classroom Management Software Evaluation Rubric	164	(2)
Key Terms	166	(1)
Chapter Review	166	(1)
What Do You Think?	166	(1)
Learning Together!	167	(1)
Hands-On!	167	(1)
Real People, Real Stories	168	(2)
Academic Software	170	(42)
Real People, Real Stories	172	(1)
What Is Academic Software?	173	(1)
Authoring Systems	173	(7)
Hypermedia Authoring Systems	175	(1)
Web Authoring Systems	176	(1)
In the Classroom: Around the World in One Day! Using HyperStudio to Learn about Hispanic Countries	177	(2)
Issues in Teaching and Technology: Copyright	179	(1)
Using Authoring Systems in the Classroom	179	(1)
Desktop Publishing Software	180	(2)
Graphics Software	182	(5)
Clip Art Libraries	183	(1)
Paint and Draw Software	183	(1)
Paint Programs	183	(1)
Draw Programs	184	(1)
Imaging Software	185	(1)
Editing Software	186	(1)
In the Classroom: Synergy at Work	186	(1)
Reference Software	187	(2)
Tutorials and Drill-and-Practice Software	189	(3)
Tutorials	189	(1)
Academic Software Evaluation Rubric	190	(1)
Drill-and-Practice Software	191	(1)
Educational Games	192	(3)
In the Classroom: Academic Software to the Rescue	193	(2)
Simulations	195	(1)
Special Needs Software	195	(1)
Integrated Learning Systems	196	(2)
Connecting Theory to Practice: Software and Learning	197	(1)
Other Academic Software	198	(3)
Problem-Solving Software	198	(1)
Computer-Assisted Instruction	198	(1)
Issues in Teaching and Technology: Who Decides?	199	(1)
Brainstorming/Concept-Mapping Tools	200	(1)
Academic Software in Teaching and Learning	201	(1)
Key Terms	202	(1)
Chapter Review	202	(1)
What Do You Think?	202	(1)
Learning Together!	203	(1)
Hands-On!	203	(1)
Real People, Real Stories	204	(8)
What Would You Do? Creating the Ideal Classroom	206	(2)
What Would You Do? Creating a Grade-Level Web Site	208	(2)
What Would You Do? Training Teachers for Technology Integration	210	(2)
Networks and the Internet	212	(30)
Real People, Real Stories	214	(1)
What Do I Need to Know about Computer Networks?	215	(2)
Networking Basics	215	(2)
Network Connectivity, Communications, and Security	217	(3)
Sharing and Communicating via a Network	220	(7)
Networked Programs	220	(2)
Shared Data	222	(1)
Shared Administrative Tools	223	(1)
Shared Academic Tools	223	(1)
In the Classroom: The More We Get Together: School Networks	224	(1)
Shared Hardware	224	(1)
Communicating via Email	224	(3)
Expanding Connectivity through Telecommunication	227	(1)
Telecommunication Technologies	227	(2)
Modems	227	(1)
Home-to-Network Connections	228	(1)
The Internet: Connecting Networks to Networks across the Globe	229	(1)
Internet Tools and Services	230	(1)
Internet Service Providers	230	(1)
Internet-Based Communications	231	(5)
Email	231	(2)
Conferences	233	(1)
Mailing Lists	234	(1)
Chats	234	(1)
In the Classroom: ``You've Got Mail'': Chats and Email in the Classroom	234	(1)
Videoconferencing	235	(1)
Other Internet Services	236	(2)
FTP	236	(1)
Newsgroups	237	(1)
The World Wide Web	237	(1)
Using the Internet in Teaching and Learning	238	(1)
Key Terms	239	(1)
Chapter Review	239	(1)
What Do You Think?	239	(1)
Learning Together!	240	(1)
Hands-On!	240	(1)
Real People, Real Stories	241	(1)
Using the Web for Teaching and Learning	242	(36)
Real People, Real Stories	244	(1)
What Is the World Wide Web?	245	(7)
Web Sites: Linked Web Pages	245	(1)
Web Browsers	245	(1)
Locating Web Pages	245	(1)
Creating and Evaluating Web Sites	246	(1)
Multimedia on the Web	247	(1)
Graphics	247	(1)
Web Site Evaluation Rubric	248	(1)
Audio	249	(1)
Video	249	(1)
Virtual Reality	250	(1)
Search Engines	250	(1)
In the Classroom: A Research Tool for All Seasons: Web-Based Research	251	(1)
Portals	252	(1)
Educational Resources on the Web	252	(6)
Online Publications	252	(2)
Online Professional Organizations	254	(1)
Weblogs	254	(1)
Governmental Sites	255	(1)
Education Portals	256	(1)
Favorite Links	256	(1)
Classroom Management Tools	257	(1)
Academic Tools	257	(1)
Web-Enhanced Instruction	258	(4)
Enhancing Classroom Communication	258	(1)
Linking Your Students to Their World	259	(1)
In the Classroom: Keeping in Touch: The Web for Student Communications	260	(1)
Building Bridges to Parents and the Community	260	(1)
In the Classroom: Weaving a Web to Families and the Community	261	(1)
Class Web Sites	262	(1)
Web Authoring Tools	263	(3)
Word Processors	263	(1)
Desktop Publishing Software	264	(1)
Dedicated Web Development Software	265	(1)
Moving Your Site to the Internet	266	(2)
Adding Your Site to the School or District Site	266	(1)
Uploading to a Web Host	266	(1)
Uploading to a Private Host	267	(1)
Uploading to Academic Web Services	268	(1)
Internet Issues and Concerns	268	(2)
Acceptable Use	268	(1)
Privacy	268	(1)
Filtering	268	(1)
Academic Web Site Evaluation Rubric	269	(1)
Using the Internet in Teaching and Learning: Final Thoughts	270	(1)
Key Terms	270	(1)
Chapter Review	271	(1)
What Do You Think?	271	(1)
Learning Together!	271	(1)
Hands-On!	272	(1)
Real People, Real Stories	272	(2)
Special Topic: Designing Classroom Web Site	274	(4)
Audio and Visual Technologies	278	(32)
Real People, Real Stories	280	(1)
What Do I Need to Know about Audio and Visual Technologies?	281	(1)
Audio, Visual, and Digital Technologies in Instruction	281	(3)
Audio in Teaching and Learning	284	(3)
Understanding Listening and Learning	284	(2)
Media to Enhance Listening	286	(1)
In the Classroom: Little (and Big) Pitchers: Building Listening Skills with Technology	286	(1)
Traditional Audio Media	287	(3)
Audiocassettes	287	(2)
In the Classroom: Voices from the Past: Oral History as a Learning Adventure	289	(1)
Broadcast Audio	290	(1)
Digital Audio Media	290	(3)
Optical Media	290	(1)
Internet Audio	290	(2)
In the Classroom: Something for Everyone and News as It Happens! Teachers Using Digital Audio and Internet Radio	292	(1)
Internet Radio	293	(1)
Visual Technologies in Teaching and Learning	293	(1)
Visual Communication and Learning	294	(2)
Visual Display Rubric	296	(1)
Nonprojected Visuals in Teaching and Learning	296	(5)
Real Objects	297	(1)
Models	297	(1)
Exhibits	297	(1)
Print Materials	298	(1)
Issues in Teaching and Technology: Paivio's Dual Coding Theory	299	(1)
Graphics and Photographs	299	(1)
Display Technologies for Nonprojected Visuals	299	(2)
Projected Visuals in Teaching and Learning	301	(5)
Overhead Projectors	301	(3)
Digital Projectors	304	(1)
Document Cameras	304	(1)
In the Classroom: Multitasking Partnership: Projection Technology Helps Out	305	(1)
Multimedia in Teaching and Learning	306	(1)
Key Terms	307	(1)
Chapter Review	307	(1)
What Do You Think?	307	(1)
Learning Together!	308	(1)
Hands-On!	308	(1)
Real People, Real Stories	309	(1)
Video Technologies	310	(31)
Real People, Real Stories	312	(1)
What Do I Need to Know about Video Technologies?	313	(1)
Understanding Video Technologies	313	(3)
Traditional Video Technologies	316	(4)
Broadcast Video	316	(1)
In the Classroom: It's Still a Favorite: Broadcast Video for Teaching	317	(1)
Narrowcast Video	317	(1)
Cablecast Video	318	(1)
Recorded Video Technologies	318	(1)
In the Classroom: ``Late Breaking News!'' Video Productions Bring School News	319	(1)
Digital Video Technologies	320	(5)
Digital Video Basics	320	(1)
DVDs	321	(1)
Digital Video Capture	321	(1)
Digital Video Cameras	322	(1)
In the Classroom: Picture This! Digital Video in the Classroom	323	(1)
Digital Video Editing	323	(2)
Compressed Video Systems	325	(1)
Internet Video	325	(3)
Internet Broadcasts	325	(2)
Live Cams	327	(1)
Internet Meetings	327	(1)
Using Motion Video in Teaching and Learning	328	(6)
Preview and Evaluation of Video Media	328	(1)
Video Evaluation Rubric	329	(1)
In the Classroom: All the World's Their Stage: Internet Video in the Schools	330	(1)
Creating Videos for Teaching and Learning	330	(1)
Implementing Video in Instruction	331	(2)
Connecting Theory to Practice: Theory, Videos, and Study Guides	333	(1)
Videos for Teaching and Learning	334	(1)
Key Terms	334	(1)
Chapter Review	335	(1)
What Do You Think?	335	(1)
Learning Together!	336	(1)
Hands-On!	336	(1)
Real People, Real Stories	336	(2)
Special Topic: Teachers and Copyrights	338	(3)
PART III Technology in Schools: Changing Teaching and Learning	341	(70)
Distance Education: Using Technologies to Redefine the Classroom	342	(34)
Real People, Real Stories	344	(2)
What Do I Need to Know about Distance Education?	346	(2)
Distance Education: A Brief History	348	(2)
Distance Education and Alternative Delivery Systems	350	(1)
In the Classroom: Time and Space Are Relative: K-12 Teachers Using Distance Education	350	(1)
Designing Instruction for Alternative Delivery	351	(5)
Beyond the Lesson Plan	351	(2)
Preparing Students	353	(1)
Planning Ahead for Murphy's Law	354	(2)
Providing Feedback	356	(1)
Evaluating Progress	356	(1)
Support Technologies for Distance Teaching and Learning	356	(10)
Support Technologies for Synchronous Instruction	357	(1)
Telephone Technologies	357	(2)
Connecting Theory to Practice: Comparing Apples and Apples: Which Is More Effective---Distance Education or Face-to-Face Instruction?	359	(1)
Videoconferencing	360	(1)
In the Classroom: Over and Back! Compressed Video for Education	361	(1)
Internet Chats	361	(1)
Internet Classroom Sites	362	(1)
Support Technologies for Asynchronous Instruction	363	(1)
Telephone Technologies	363	(1)
Electronic Mail	364	(1)
In the Classroom: The More We Get Together! Email in Teaching	364	(1)
Electronic Conferences	365	(1)
Class Web Sites	366	(1)
Providing Interactivity via Distance Support Technologies	366	(1)
Alternative Delivery to Enhance Traditional Classrooms	366	(3)
Connecting Theory to Practice: Distance Technologies and Social Learning	367	(1)
Using Distance Education Tools for Alternative Learning	367	(1)
Individualizing Instruction	367	(1)
Promoting Interaction	368	(1)
Enhancing Independent Learning	368	(1)
In the Classroom: The Whole Is Greater than the Total of Its Parts: Enhancing Traditional Teaching	369	(1)
Issues in Implementing Distance and Alternative Delivery Systems	369	(2)
Teacher and Student Readiness	369	(1)
Preparation and Classroom Management Time	370	(1)
Technical Support	370	(1)
Instructional Support	370	(1)
Copyright	371	(1)
Reinventing the Classroom: The Future of Distance and Alternative Delivery	371	(1)
Key Terms	372	(1)
Chapter Review	373	(1)
What Do You Think?	373	(1)
Learning Together!	373	(1)
Hands-On!	374	(1)
Real People, Real Stories	374	(2)
Issues in Implementating Technology in Schools	376	(35)
Real People, Real Stories	378	(2)
Planning for Technology	380	(1)
Legal Issues in the Digital Age	380	(7)
Copyright and Fair Use	381	(1)
Privacy	382	(2)
Issues in Teaching and Technology: Protecting Privacy	384	(1)
Acceptable Use	384	(1)
Software Piracy	385	(2)
Social Issues in the Digital Age	387	(2)
Ethical Issues in the Digital Age	389	(3)
Freedom of Speech	389	(1)
In the Classroom: Ethics and the Internet	390	(1)
Privacy	390	(1)
Academic Dishonesty	391	(1)
Resources for Teachers	392	(1)
Emerging Technologies	392	(10)
New Technologies for Schools	392	(1)
Virtual Environments	392	(1)
Artificial Intelligence	393	(1)
Communications	394	(1)
Grid Computing	394	(1)
Wireless Connectivity	395	(1)
In the Classroom: Going Wireless in Schools	396	(1)
Displays	397	(1)
Convergence	398	(1)
Emerging Issues: The Changing Face of Instruction in the Digital Age	399	(1)
Computers as Appliances	399	(1)
Computer Literacy	400	(1)
Decentralizing Instruction	400	(1)
The Changing Role of the Teacher	401	(1)
Key Terms	402	(1)
Chapter Review	402	(1)
What Do You Think?	402	(1)
Learning Together!	403	(1)
Hands-On!	403	(1)
Real People, Real Stories	404	(2)
Special Topic: Strategic Planning for Technology	406	(5)
Appendix Educational Technology Resources and Organizations	411	(2)
Glossary	413	(12)
References	425	(10)
Index	435	(10)
Photo Credits	445